Philosophical Outlook of Ancient China Essay

The Hundred Schools of Thought was an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China that lasted from 770 to 222 BCE. In around 500 BCE, after the Zhou state weakened and China moved in to the period of warring states, the classic period of Chinese philosophy, known as the Golden Age, began. This period saw the rise of numerous Chinese philosophers and academics. Many of the great Chinese texts have intensely enriched Chinese lifestyles and social awareness up to the present day. However, of the many schools founded at this time and during the subsequent Warring States Period, the three most influential ones were Legalism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Legalism, the political philosophy concerned with the most effective way of governing society, is exemplified in the style, attitude, and philosophical outlook of the passage. Legalists portray humans as inherently evil and inclined toward criminal and selfish behavior. Thus, if humans are allowed to engage in their natural proclivities, the result will be conflict and social disorder. They must be shaped and guided. If humans are not â€Å"straightened and bent† like the wood in the passage, which must be changed to be useful, they will not fit the proper description and always be essentially bad or ineffectual. Legalists have said, â€Å" Those who show capacity for their work†¦ [will be] promised and rewarded, those who show incapacity†¦ [will be] punished † (Waley 178- 179) . The manipulation of the wood through its shaping may be compared to the rewards and punishments given to the people in a legalist society to maintain order in the community. The idea of depending on the law is also imperative throughout the passage. The passage reveals that â€Å"laws of the state must not be neglected†, indicating their importance and necessity. It may be simply stated, â€Å" [the legalist] does not prize morality, he prizes the law† ( Waley, 155). This shows that there is an attitude of placing the law above all in this society. Thus, the passage indicates for the mentioned reasons above that it belongs to the legalist school of thought. As a result of these legalist beliefs there was a great emphasis placed on controlling human behavior through written law rather than through ritual, custom or ethics. Another school of thought was based on a system of ethics. This school of thought was known as Confucianism. These teachings placed a high value on learning and devotion to family, as well as a display of peace and justice. The passage does not represent Confucianism because this school of thought emphasizes the goodness of all people. Contradicting this belief, the passage indicates, â€Å" the enlightened ruler does not value people who are naturally good. † Waley reveals a conversation between the King of Wei and Mencius. Mencius concerns himself with providing the king with something of profit. In reply the King says to him, â€Å" All that I have to say to you is concerned with goodness and right, and nothing else at all† (90). This indicates that there is a strong base of integrity and goodness that creates the foundation of Confucianism, and the main attitude toward others were that they were filled with righteousness. The attitude of being â€Å" naturally good† can also be seen as â€Å"people†¦ [cultivate] condition[s] of liberty† (Waley, 87). This means that it is human nature, which is responsible for nurturing and promoting the growth. It is the character of all human beings to do the right thing that is essentially full of decency and honesty. In this way, Confucianism was primarily a system of ethical precepts for the proper management of society. The last school of thought is characterized by inaction, the uselessness of knowledge, spirituality, and the guidance by nature and instinct. This school of thought is known as Taoism. The passage does not share any of the above-motioned characteristics of being â€Å"middle of the road†. In fact, the passage contradicts this particular philosophy quite clearly. It states, â€Å"the ruler who has the technique does not follow the good that happens by chance. † In a Taoist society people believe in inaction as seen in the story of the man who spent every moment in life caring for his horse. â€Å"One day,† the story goes, â€Å" a fly attached itself to the animal, and this man scotched it†. He took an action, and as a result of taking an action the horse taken by surprise, it became severely injured and â€Å"tore its breast† and â€Å"bruised its head† (Waley, 77). This proves, according to Taoism that you should not seek to take things into your hands. If the care giver of the horse never would have made an effort to help the horse it would have been no better off or worse off than it was before, it would just â€Å"be†. This philosophy is also seen in another part of Waley in which it is said that, â€Å" You will stumble, you will stagger, you will topple and expire† (76). The way of the Taoist is to achieve happiness is by learning to â€Å"go with the flow. † Instead of trying to get things done the hard way, people should take the time to figure out the natural, or easy way to do things, and then everything would get done more simply. This shows the beliefs of Taoism, that not acting, but just functioning and being, by seeking a higher reality within one’s self, is enough. In conclusion, after considering all the schools of thought, it can be said that the passage is firmly believed to belong to the Legalist school of thought. Legalism portrays humans as obtuse, useless individuals that are inherently bad. The emphasis on laws, punishment and reward are shown by the â€Å"straitening and bending† of society to fit a particular, useful â€Å"mold†. The reasoning for the passage not belonging to either the Taoist or Confucian schools of thought are because there is no emphasis on goodness as seen in Confucianism. However, it does show how people as being inherently bad. It also shows how people should act and take matters into their own hands, which derives from the Taoist philosophy of staying neutral. Therefore, the style, attitude, and philosophical outlook of the passage would be legalism because it is clearly portrayed by the values, attitude and the teachings illustrated in the passage.

Placement Proposal Niam Essay

(An Organization of Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India) Kota Road, Bambala (Near Sanganer), Jaipur-302033, (Rajasthan) Telephone: 0141-2795121/2795143, Fax: 0141-2771938, 2770595 Website: www.ccsniam.gov.in About the Institute The National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM) is an apex level autonomous institute set up by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India in Agricultural Marketing which conducts training, research, consulting and educational programmes along with formulating policy inputs. With a view to developing Agri-business and Marketing professionals, NIAM conducts an AICTE approved two-year Post Graduate Diploma Programme in Agribusiness Management (PGDABM) since 2001. Our students imbibe knowledge, excellent academic strengths and also see things through a different perspective as imparted by our programme which is closely associated with institutions like IIM-A, IIM-I, XLRI, IIFT, MICA etc. with the constant support from our Director General- Shri. R.P. Meena (Additional Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture), Director-Shri. Kamal Mathur, Deputy Director-Dr. Hema Yadav and our experienced faculty members, PGDABM has become a flagship programme. In a recent survey NIAM has been ranked among India’s top sectoral B schools in ‘Outlook India’ B-School Survey 2011-12. About the Students The current batch (2011-13) is the ninth batch and has strength of 50 (40 boys and 10 girls) with varied qualifications. Serial No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Educational Background of Students Agricultural Engineering Biotechnology B.Sc. Agriculture B.Sc Commercial Ag. & Business Management Dairy Technology Fisheries Food Technology Horticultural Sciences Veterinary Sciences Total Number of Students 2 2 32 1 3 2 1 4 3 50 There are 7 students in this batch who have work experience. The students take field projects in rural areas, Agricultural markets and processing industries etc as Summer Projects, Live project, Individual projects and we have organized several Training and National /International Workshops. We have collaborations or association with FAO, CII, NABARD,  ASSOCHAM, UNSAID, WORLD BANK, APEDA, ADB, EXIM BANK, NCDEX, FICCI State Governments, National Cooperatives and many more International forum constituted for a particular purpose. Our students have proven their credentials in various events like B-Plan, Business quiz, Debate, AD Mania, Sports, etc. organized in several prestigious institutes like IIM-A, FMS, IIT-Delhi, IIT-Mumbai, AMITY, IBS Jaipur, TAPMI, etc. Recruitment Mode of recruitment is through campus recruitment which we could be initiating in the month of December-January. It would be a pleasure to be associated with your organization and we would like our students to begin their career in an esteemed organization/ company like yours. To invite you for the recruitment, we are sending you the corporate response sheet. We would be highly grateful to your organization if you send the duly filled sheet to us at the earliest. This will ensure your participation in recruitments.

Chocolat Book Report Essay

Publishers: First Published in Great Britain in 1999 by Doubleplay, an imprint of Transworld Publishers, Black Swan edition published 2000, Black Swan edition reissued 2007 Chocolat is a 1999 novel by Joanne Harris. It tells the story of Vianne Rocher, a young single mother, who arrives in the French village of Lansquenet-sous-Tannes at the beginning of Lent with her six-year-old daughter, Anouk. Vianne opens a chocolate shop, La Celeste Praline, right opposite the village church, and throughout the traditional season self-denial Lent, proceeds to gently change the lives of the villagers who visit her chocolaterie with a combination of sympathy, determination and a little magic. This scandalizes the parish priest, Francis Reynaud, and his supporters who are convinced Vivian is evil. As tensions run high, the community is increasingly divided, and as Easter approaches, pitting the ritual of the Church against the indulgence of chocolate, Father Reynaud and Vianne Rocher face an inevitable battle I personally really loved the book; Joanne Harris really did a great job in creating an enticing plot with a bunch of strong and unique characters. My favorite is Anouk who although is only six years old brings such life to the book and manages to give a bit of light heartedness to points where the book can become heavy. This is a wonderful tale of family and magic and hope. It is not your typical romance and well worth the time. The book is a full of strong opinions and characters; Ms. Harris manages to capture your attention with her delicious descriptions and fast moving plot. There really is never a boring moment in this book, its fantastic for anyone who loves books that are thought provoking yet still enjoyable and fun. An Important moment in this book is when Vianne decides the hold the Easter Chocolate Festival. At this point in the book you begin to see the rivalry between Vianne and Father Francis Reynaud through the chocolates and the church. Although the rivalry mostly comes from Father Reynaud, Vianne can feel the dislike he has for her. Many of the town’s folk really began to divide at this point. We also began to see Reynaud began to go mad with his obsession for Vianne and the destroying of her chocolates. We see Reynaud change quite considerably throughout the book. Francis Reynaud, like any religious man in a small town, has a big influence on all the people of Lansquenet. He is quit oppressive with his views and tends to carry a very much holier than thou attitude towards his parish. At one point in the book he compares himself to a sheapard and how his flock need him â€Å"Sheep are not the docile, pleasant creatures of the pastoral idyll. Any countryman will tell you that. They are sly, occasionally vicious, and pathologically stupid. The lenient shepherd may find his flock unruly, defiant. I cannot afford to be lenient. † His suspicions begin with the arrival of Vianne and Anouk and his initial strategy is to try and befriend the enemy. He offers her help in repairing the bakery but she refuses politely, emphasizing that she has got it all under control. He hopes that people will realize that she should be evicted on their own in fear of tarnishing his reputation. His plan works at first as concerned mothers begin to forbid their children from spending time with Anouk, as she plants wild ideas in to their heads. Also business is not running very smoothly at the chocolate shop and Reynaud begins to believe that it is just a matter of time before they leave with the changing of the wind. We see him slowly began to grasp for desperation that he is right that Vianne is evil and that he is still better than all his parishioners. He reaches boiling point when madness and rage take over his mind and he breaks into La Celeste Praline the morning before Mass and gobbles down chocolate after over a month of fasting. His reputation is tarnished and respect vanished. He runs away and is never heard of again. Josephine Muscat first appears as a nervous introvert. She is quiet and slumps when she walks. She is gossiped about and pitied throughout Lansquenet, as the fact that her husband physically abuses her is one of the worst kept secrets around. She does not mutter a word about it and her thoughts are so cloudy that even Vianne, with all her power, fails to understand what lies in her head. With time, Josephine begins to talk to Vianne more and begins to spend more time in the chocolate shop. Vianne’s influence and advice eventually result in Josephine leaving her husband Paul and moving in with Vianne in the chocolate’s shop spare room. The more time she spends with Vianne, the more Josephine’s personality blossoms. She now walks with her head held high and has substituted her dark wardrobe for a new, more colorful one. She speaks with an audible, confident voice and can now look people in the eyes. A spark is felt between her and Roux as they indulge in conversation and become closer when she moves to the chocolate shop and he settles in Lansquenet. She even faces Paul one last time on her own. She is transformed from the average, abused housewife to the confident, independent female as the novel develops. Joanne Harris is a very descriptive writer, which you find quite early on in the book. Although she does use quite descriptive writing she does it very well and it transcends into beautiful pieces of writing that are hard to follow â€Å" We came on the wind of the carnival. A warm wind for February, laden with the hot greasy scents of frying pancakes and sausages and powdery-sweet waffles cooked on the to plate right there by the roadside with the confetti sleeting down collars and cuffs and rolling in the gutters like an idiot antidote to winter. Something really interesting about the author is that she mixes French with English. So while most of the book is English, songs, signs or names are still very much French. She also uses her chapters as a way to create a timeline for the book. At the begging of each chapter we receive a date allowing us to process where we are in the year. Joanne Harris is a popular British writer, who has written a total of fourteen books many of which w ere bestsellers. Joanne’s book Chocolat has been adapted into the Oscar nominated movie staring Johnny Depp and Juliette Binoche. She lives with her Husband and daughter in Yorkshire and her hobbies include â€Å" Mooching, lounging, strutting, strumming, priest-baiting and quite subversion. † She can speak both French and English and she was strongly influenced by Grimm’s’ Fairy Tales and the tales of Charles Perrault, as well as local folklore and Norse mythology. The cover for Chocolat I think it is very appropriate and gives you a successful looking into the plot before you even look into the book with the bright colours of Vianne’s clothes to the chocolate Easter eggs. By the time you finish the book you complete understand the symbolism of a woman sitting and holding a nest full of Easter Eggs. I think that this book would be suited to mostly older men and woman but it can defiantly appeal to young adults as well. Personally I think it would get to heavy for younger readers and not all would understand the issues brought up in the book. The book has been made into a movie starring Johnny Depp and Juliette Binoche, standing on its own the movie is absolutely fantastic a wonderful love story. Yet when compared along side the book it fails completely. Not only is the book completely different to the movie with a change of couples and villains but also with the plot line it just lacks the darkness found in the book. There is something captivating about the transition from Vianne’s thoughts to Father Reynaud’s and the slow build up of the plot through it. Also I hate the disregarded for the lesser characters in the movie half of the people in the book aren’t even mentioned in the movie! And although many of them don’t have huge significant roles they still help shape the story.

Dee Dees Yarn Manufacturing Company Research Paper

Dee Dees Yarn Manufacturing Company - Research Paper Example Warehousing has an additional section that specializes in distribution with its section manager. The development of the idea is associated with some aspects based on yarn production; their desire to engage in the business and the opportunity to start a yarn manufacturing company, direction of interrelated operations and other support processes for complete production. The concept is developed to ensure that products cater to the needs of all people, both men, and women. The companies basic model of operation is aligned with five areas that will enable the organization to achieve its objectives allocate functions appropriately, make decisions for production, execute the plans and conduct post-production assessment (Lord, 2003).   The company will greatly consider quality for the products offered regardless of the costs for production. This shall be meant for the consideration of the customer focus on the product. Dee Dee’s yarn manufacturing company will be considerate in the type of materials to be used in the yarn production. All materials selected shall be critically evaluated to ensure quality for the production of an ultimate quality product that will completely meet the customer’s need. Dee Dee’s yarn Company will ensure the uniqueness of their product. All products manufactured shall be outstanding in place of imitations from other yarn manufacturing companies. It shall ensure the addition of any other aroma or aspect to the Dee Dee’s yarn products to add values over the other yarn products from other companies. In this way, the company shall benchmark with the current yarn producers to make a clear understanding of the necessary practices in the market. The Company will conduct a research for the most applicable aspect of product design and create the ultimate product with considerations of the implemented concepts.

Health Insurance and Patient Care in Market Changes Essay

Health Insurance and Patient Care in Market Changes - Essay Example An excellent example that could demonstrate the connectedness of the healthcare submarkets is the manner by which the government exercises control. Ideally, the healthcare industry in America operates within the free market framework. However, it is easy for the government to intervene and even dictate prices and quantities effectively in an indirect manner. This is partly because of the interrelatedness of the submarkets. This is shown in the case of Medicare. Originally, a passive entitlement financing program, the institution provide the necessary funding for the purchase of physician services. However, today it is capable of setting the prices in other submarkets by simply refusing to pay for services, medical technology, among other products and services offered across submarkets (Getzen, 2010, p. 345). This opportunity to influence is not limited to the government. Other healthcare organizations especially those that have policymaking capacities such as hospitals and profession al organizations could do the same. For instance, hospitals could affect the prices on several subsectors when they demand an increased supply of nurses. A rise in nursing income could address the problem of RNs not working in nursing or reverse the trend of the decreasing number of people entering nursing field, two of the major factors identified by Unruh and Fottler (2005) as causes for the shortage in nursing today and in the immediate future (p.177). This also works in a reverse way. When new nursing schools open, the supply of nurses increases and demand decreases. It ushers in a different price dynamics. The impact is not only limited to education.

Internet and Electronic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Internet and Electronic Marketing - Essay Example In addition, a lot of corporations now understand that the internet is a very helpful tool for better serving customers and reaching into the international markets. As the production of a company increases the need for the distribution of these products to their target customers also increases. In this scenario, the internet marketing is the most excellent way that offers higher potency and access to international markets for the marketing of products. On the other hand, traditional marketing and its techniques have turned out to be less efficient to defeat the need for more targeted and wide marketing. But, with the use of internet, the techniques of marketing have changed and improved, and now corporations are more proficient in telling their stories and carrying out their marketing communications out there (Summers et al., 2003, p.67; Watson et al., 2000; Rao et al., 1998). This report presents a detailed analysis of the GAP enterprise and its marketing activities over the web. Th e main aim of this research is to discuss the GAP web business model, its customers, products delivery, services, 4P elements and target market. â€Å"Marketing is the method of planning and implementing the ideas; pricing promotion and distribution of ideas, products, goods, and services to make exchanges that fulfill individual as well as company’s goals† (Summers et al., 2003, p.7). Kotler & Armstrong (2001) describe marketing as â€Å"a common and administrative method by which individuals and groups acquire what they need and desire by creating, offering, and exchanging products of value with others†. However, the emergence of the internet has made the process of marketing very simple. Since, the internet is offering an innovative universal technology structure to build all kinds of new products, services, policies, and organizations. It is reforming the techniques information is being used in business and daily life. Furthermore, by

Business communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business communication - Essay Example I did research on print media, television, outdoor billboards, conferences and web page advertisements. I found out that television has the advantage of high concentration information and attracts high attention from viewers hence being one of the best media for reaching many people. I also realized that Product launch conferences were also appealing to high-end customers who want to get firsthand information about the product directly from manufacturers at the first instance of the products availability. Magazine as an avenue for print media was also appealing to the audience especially those that that have specific tastes in certain customized magazines. Placing adverts in such magazines enhances its appeal to people. This whole exercise took me about one week to gather and present in a coherent manner. Initially, I thought the area I was assigned to research on was quite wide for one person. I had this opinion especially having in mind the whole field of advertisement and the different considerations one has to make before placing a given product to a given medium. This, however, changed after I had realized I was not to cover social media and outdoor advertisement. I also realized that other members were also assigned areas that were even wider than what I was allocated and that required much to research on. In fact, the task took me less effort and time than I anticipated because with the help of other group members. I learned that teamwork is better and that a task may appear difficult only before being started. Also, I got to learn more about the different types of media advertisements, their applicability, and advantages. By the end of the group task, I was knowledgeable in presentation tactics as a skill that I will be able to apply in official work when employed. Given another chance, I would still prefer to work with these group members. I realized the group had a challenge of lacking the needed concentration at the initial stages. This

Examine the reasons for the success of Microsoft and evaluate the Essay

Examine the reasons for the success of Microsoft and evaluate the impact Microsoft has had on graduate recruitment in the USA - Essay Example Currently, it boasts of a top-tier position among the top companies globally. It comes in third in ranking on the FT Global 500 list. In addition, it rakes in revenue amounting to more than $ 36 billion dollars annually (Stanek, 2006:42). 1. History The Microsoft Corporation is an American business venture dealing in the business of inventing computer software and programs, and in the manufacture of computer-related hardware (Pralahad, 2008:37). Currently, the venture’s shares are on trade at the NASDAQ stock market in New York City, in America. The conglomerate has a global presence, and owns branches and offices in more than seventy nations. Though the main idea behind its start was to produce operating systems to power the Altair 8000 computer system, the business went on to invent significant breakthroughs in the software market. The first evidence of the company’s potential to change the world was its introduction of the MS-DOS in the early 1980s. Soon after, it pr oduced the Windows system in the early 1990s. Through the dominating of the computer market base, and already enjoying a virtual solo monopoly on the global business and home-based personal computer market, it was in an adequate spot to produce software applicatios that would support its systems. The company fully exploited this opportunity, gaining vital ground in the market. This led to the venture releasing the Microsoft Office, which was a huge success at the business sector. In addition, the company also participated in the formulation of MSN, an online-based search engine and news database (Barry, 2011:113). 2. The 1980s The Microsoft Company came into being because of the idea of William Gates in conjunction with Paul Allen. Initially, the venture offered only one product. It employed only three workers, and, in its first year of business, raked in only about $ 25,000 dollars in sales. Gates and his partner had decided to base their company in Alberquque, New Mexico, in order to access the MITS Computer Company easily, which had helped in constructing their Altair microcomputer equipment. Microsoft’s initial product was the Microsoft BASIC, the then programming dialect of the Altair. The Microsoft BASIC was an improvement of BASIC, which was a mainframe computer dialect that the two partners had gotten wind of while in high school in Seattle (Shelly, 2009:97). As time went by, the company made major breakthroughs in the computer field. Not only did the company improve BASIC vastly, but it also modified other present computer languages for their use. In 1977, the company unveiled a modified version of FORTRAN, and quickly followed it with another improved version of COBOL in 1978. By the dawn of 1979, the company had successfully managed to relocate its operations to Washington. At the time, the venture boasted of about $ 3 million dollars in annual income. In addition, it had raised its employee figures to around 30 workers (Todd, 2011:67). The o perating system is a major factor of all computers. In addition to it being the lifeline of the computer, it has also been the major influential factor behind Microsoft’s success. In 1981, the company unveiled the DOS 1.0 operating system for use by the IBM computer. This move proved to be a major landmark in the company’

Persuasion on Technology Adaption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Persuasion on Technology Adaption - Essay Example Desktops are believed to provide comfort to the user with the fact that one can acquire the keyboard, mouse and other devices to attach to it easily. Laptops provide better comfort since one can use them even while lying down. Unlike desktops, the laptops do not need extra space for the mouse. Even while lying down at home an employee can still complete the work given to avoid the overloads that come with keeping work for a long time. One can purchase a laptop that suits their needs and not necessarily accepting it the way it comes. Desktops require that one sits in an upright position to be able to use them efficiently. The employees are better off with the laptops that can suit their work. Employees with simple tasks can have those with less RAM while those with big workloads can get the sophisticated ones. Desktops can be put in specific places for use and may not frequently be moved to avoid them from being spoilt. According to Stam, Stanton, and Guzman (2006), laptops are mobile and in case a desktop or laptop that is being used for printing or scanning fails. Besides, laptops give a wider range of options in case there is a problem in the office. The desktops in office do not give alternatives when there is a fault in any of them. Most of the times employees have no choice when a desktop fails, and an urgent task is supposed to be performed yet there is no laptop in the office. The employees should be provided with laptops to avoid the mishaps that come with faulty desktops.

Racin way Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Racin way - Essay Example 2. Is the deputy in compliance with the use-of-force policy? Defend your answer. The answer to whether the deputy is in overall compliance with the use of force policy is highly nuanced and cannot be answered with a simple yes or no. Firstly, due to the aggravating circumstances and inappropriate actions that the deputy took as a means to exacerbate the situation, the use-of force policy is further complicated with the fact that no mention of when to use the taser was referenced (Johnson 2011). Rather, the deputy has clearly abrogated the rules by using a less-than lethal device for which he was not specifically trained. However, ignoring the other wrong doings, it would appear that imminent officer harm was something that the deputy was faced with. As such, discharging his side arm as a means of firing warning shots at the ground was justified. However, due to the extenuating circumstances and the clear ignorance or disregard the deputy showed for the other use-of force policies gre atly jeopardizes the sheriff department’s case in this matter. 3. Should the lieutenant end Ripley’s pursuit? Explain. ... Due to this fact alone, a clear felony has been committed. As such, according to the departmental policies that have been enumerated upon, the deputy and the lieutenant as well as the department are justified in seeking to pursue the criminal. 4. Should the deputy have fired warning shots under these circumstances? Why or why not? With regards to whether or not the deputy should have fired shots, the answer is a resounding yes. Due to the fact that the deputies life was in danger he was well within his rights to fire shots and alert the suspect that the actions that he/she were taking were putting him/her in danger of their life and in clear violation of the law. 5. Assume that the people who were in the parked vehicle lodge a complaint because of Ripley’s actions with the dog, the warning shot, and the Taser; what kinds of policies and procedures normally cover Ripley’s actions? Would your Internal Affairs Unit find that the deputy was at fault with any of them? Which of the deputy’s actions do you as sheriff feel should result in disciplinary action against Ripley? Why or why not? The unfortunate fact of the matter is that even if the suspect/suspects are proven guilty of seeking to evade arrest, charging the officer/attempted vehicular manslaughter, they would still be able to lodge a valid complaint to the Internal Affiars Unit and find the deputy at fault for not following a litany of procedures involving use of an unauthorized dog while on patrol, over-aggressive tactics, and the unauthorized use of a taser. In this manner, the use of the unauthorized police dog and the unauthorized and untrained use of a taser should be disciplined by the department as clear abrogation of the training procedure and rules of conduct that bind every officer

Balance Scorecard and Strategy Map of TESCO Coursework

Balance Scorecard and Strategy Map of TESCO - Coursework Example The areas where the implementation has been done and how the company has achieved the vision and the objectives have been analysed in this essay. The report has been concluded with a set of recommendations for the Tesco board of Directors and also an evaluation of the Balance scorecard and the strategy map as a management tool. Introduction The balanced scorecard strategy is one of the most accepted management and strategic planning tool. The balance scorecard is delivered in a structured format with different design methods as well as tools that would help the company in the decision making and strategy formulation. Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton has laid the foundation of this balanced scorecard method which takes into consideration not only the financial aspects but also the non financial strategies that are essential for the success of an organisation. Tesco plc is one of the leading grocery retailer based in Britain. In terms of profits the company is second largest in the world. As many as 6351 stores cater to the customers. Tesco has a global presence and has diversified into the financial services, telecommunication services as well as media and entertainment industry. The diversification was not only confined to product but was also done geographically. In order to achieve the success that the brand has got, various strategies had to be taken in the entire life of the brand. This report is an analysis of the different strategies that Tesco had taken in order to maintain it consistent growth and to maintain a competitive advantage among the other brands in the industry. Vision and Strategy The customers occupy a pivotal position in the formulation of the vision and the strategy of the company. The company aims at providing the high quality products and services for the customers. The vision of the company is to get the value for the customers so that the customers become loyal to the brand name of Tesco for their life time. Some of the goals of th e company which are ingrained in the minds of the employees include the ideal of doing the best and trying in the hardest way to deliver the services to the customers. Another important aspect of the ideal of Tesco is that the company treats the customer in a way in which the company itself would like to be treated (Tesco Plc, 2011, pp. 4-5). The company from time to time renews and reconstructs the vision. The vision of Tesco is to be the most superior valued company in the global scenario. This high value would not only be confined to the customers but also would be applicable for the employees as well as the communities which Tesco serves. The contentment of the shareholders is also another important point that the company takes care of. For achieving the goals and the vision Tesco implements various strategies that help the companies fulfil the ideals. The company applies the strategy of winning the share of each local market. This strategy is implemented throughout the globe to get a global dominance of the brand. In other words instead of an integrated unique strategy, each of the target markets are captured through taking various strategies in the different markets. The company believes that the retail businesses vary across the globe and a each of the markets have a different characteristic. Thus the local market of Europe would be different from the local market

The Psychological World of the Artist Essay Example for Free

The Psychological World of the Artist Essay â€Å"Analyse the psychological world of the artist in relation to their artwork.† An artist’s psychological world can have a significant impact on their artwork, as is the case with many of the artworks done by artists such as Artemisia Gentileschi, Frida Kahlo and Andy Warhol. Artemisia Gentileschi’s psychological world was greatly affected by her experiences as a female living in the seventeenth century where she would have faced discrimination and sexual harassment because of her gender, in particular the incident in which she was raped by her drawing teacher, Agostino Tassi, which was made considerably more traumatic by the fact that it was she, the victim, who was made to undergo torture to see if her story remained the same. Many of her artworks are depictions of scenes from the Bible or mythology, a common theme for artists of that time. However, Gentileschi’s depictions of these scenes are slightly different to those of her male counterparts as she does not depict the women as passive ‘objects.’ This can be seen in the artwork ‘Judith beheading Holofernes’ which features a Judith who is sawing at Holofernes’ head quite savagely and is not meant to be conventionally attractive. This painting of a strong, brave woman triumphing over a man rather than the other way around, as was the norm for that time could be interpreted as what Gentileschi wished would happen to Tassi after he raped her, and it contrasts with depictions of this scene by male artists like Caravaggio, who depicts his Judith as being pretty and delicate-looking, with a horrified expression as she watches the blood spurt from Holofernes’ neck, as well as a blouse that was semi-transparent, showing a more traditional depiction of a woman whose main purpose in the artwork is to be gazed upon by men. Gentileschi’s psychological world is likely to have contained frustration at the objectification of women of her time, and her desire The psychological world of Frida Kahlo that is represented in her artwork was influenced by a bus accident she was in when she was young in which she sustained serious lifelong injuries, and many of the events that occurred later in her life, such as her tumultuous marriage to the unfaithful painter Diego Rivera, and her miscarriage. In many of her artworks, she depicts herself as scarred, or bleeding, symbolising both her physical and psychological pain. In her painting ‘Henry Ford Hospital’, Kahlo paints herself naked and bleeding on a bed, emphasising her psychological state after her miscarriage- she would have been feeling vulnerable and in a lot of pain, both emotionally and physically. Her artworks can be seen as a search for her identity, in the context of her culture, religion and life experiences, as many of them are self-portraits that feature her dressed in traditional Mexican clothes with colourful ribbons in her hair, and a lot of symbolism. An example of this is her artwork ‘Self portrait with thorn necklace and hummingbird’, where she again depicts herself as bleeding because of the necklace of thorns she is wearing, which could be seen as a Catholic symbol reminiscent of Christ’s crown of thorns as she came from a Catholic family, or maybe a reference to Aztec religious rituals involving self-mortification with thorns. She also has a monkey on one shoulder (a recurring symbol in eight of her self-portraits) which appears to be a pet or comforting presence because it is playing with the necklace. The black cat on her other shoulder is a more ominous, threatening presence as it looks as though it is about to pounce and its eyes are a cold, uninviting grey. The juxtaposition of colour, and playful images with symbols of doom or death, and a bleeding body is a common theme in many of Kahlo’s works and has been interpreted as Surrealism; however Kahlo denied this, saying â€Å"I paint my own reality.† Andy Warhol’s childhood played an important part in the formation of his psychological world and personality that led to him becoming a central figure in the Pop Art movement that took place in America in the 1960s. As a child, Warhol was diagnosed with St Vitus’ dance, which caused him to spend a lot of time bed-ridden with nothing to do but draw, listen to the radio and collect pictures of celebrities from magazines to stick around his bed. This constant exposure to popular culture would have been extremely influential in the development of Warhol’s later work, in which he depicted easily recognisable images in American culture, including celebrities like Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley, and everyday items like Campbell’s soup. In his artwork ‘100 Campbell’s Soup Cans’, he explores the idea of mass production that was becoming such an important part of American culture, but says that he chose Campbell’s soup because that was what he had for lunch for most of his life. Warhol’s psychological world which was influenced by his childhood was depicted quite literally in his artworks- images of celebrities and mass-produced products like Campbell’s soup played a larger-than-normal role in his childhood in particular. Warhol clearly had a great deal and admiration and affection for these things, even going so far as to say â€Å"I want to be plastic.† Though all of these artworks were done in styles that were gaining popularity in the time that the artist was working, it was the artist’s psychological world that ultimately motivated them to create most of their artworks.

Organisational Structure: Profit and Non Profit Organisations

Organisational Structure: Profit and Non Profit Organisations Introduction Cancer Research UK is a non-profit organization formed in the United Kingdom on February 4, 2002 in cooperation with The Cancer Research Campaign and Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF). Cancer Research UKs primary purpose is to put mortality down caused by cancer through extensive science research. Cancer Research also provides information on cancer and organizes projects and activities to provide awareness for the general public in fighting the combat against cancer. The charity grew in a period of time and in the next twenty years became one of the worlds number one cancer research charities. Until the merger, it made wide range of contributions to every area of cancer research. It has established their laboratories at Lincolns Inn Fields and after known as the Cancer Research UK. In line with their strong determination in reducing number of cancer patients as well as saving precious lives, the organization has committed to make their research strategy strong in the next five years through focusing thoroughly on research, provide and look for the proper environment where research is to be conducted and lastly, put in place the right people who will do the task in providing excellent research. Cancer Research UK Organizational Structure Chief Executive Executive Board Scientific Executive Board (CEO/Exec. Directors/Chief Scientists Clinicians) Trustees Members Cancer Research UK is the worlds leading charity dedicated to beating cancer through research. Its primary aim is to save millions of lives by discovering new ways to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer. For them to serve the purpose, they set 3 broad areas of work which are research, information and influencing public policy. However, research is the primary focus and best funded by the public and through the generosity and commitment of supporters with a strong determination to beat different kinds of cancer. The Executive Board which manages the organization sets out the short term and long term strategy which covers everything from scientific research and fundraising to resources. They do proposals in setting the annual budget to fund projects then submits it to the Council of Trustees for approval. Since research is the the main focus, the flow of work basically deals with the Scientific Executive Board (SEB) which develops and implements the organizations scientific strategy and policy. Although they are not considered as a funding committee, they closely interact with the Council Research Strategy Committee. They have the power to hold budget and have a strong influence in deciding whether a certain initiative will be funded or not. Usually, their decisions are still reviewed by their own funding committees. If it really concerns a big and strategic project benefitting not only cancer victims but the public as well, a good budget will be allocated and approved so that all impertinent work will get started and done. Majority of their Funding Committees are responsible to SEB in reviewing , evaluating and funding each project being undertaken by the charity. Among Cancer Research UKs Funding Committees are the following together with their corresponding roles: The Biological Sciences Committee (BSC) responsible for the research programmes and projects which concentrates mainly on the basic understanding of cancer. The Clinical Trials Awards and Advisory Committee (CTAAC) reviews and funds cancer clinical trials which includes feasibility studies for testing, clinical trials in terms of therapy and other sample collections. The Translational and Clinical Research Committee responsible for the research programmes and projects which concerns clinical and translational researches The Discovery Committee (DC) focused on developing research for the benefit of cancer patients. . The Population Research Committee (PRC) responsible for research programmes and projects grants in population science. The organization is also governed by the Council of Trustees which also consists of the Board of Directors.. This body supports and gives advise to the Chief Executive who is also part and leader of the Top Management Team in achieving the Charitys vision and purpose. Lastly, the organization is governed by its Members (appointed by CRU) and are similar to the shareholders of the company with the entitlement to attend all general meetings and fulfill their most significant duty of electing the Trustees. Each member possess high level skills, experience and professional backgrounds in their own personal fields (business, arts, politics, finance and healthcare) but work as supportive individuals with a common goal of achieving the Charitys aims and objectives and not just working only to satisfy and represent their particular fields. If necessary, they must evaluate and challenge the assumptions from which scientific advise was formulated and ask explanations of scientific terms and concepts that are not clear to them to benefit all the people concerned. Key Stakeholders Cancer research UK is charity organization and its non profitable organization and considered as the best charity in entire world in fighting cancer through research. Among the organizations stakeholders are the following: Chief Executive: They spend their time, money and their strategy on all level of research. They take all responsibility to arrange their short and long term strategy to manage everything like budget, strategy of research, implement on medicine. They take all information from the executive board and if they need money they send their request to trustees for budgets. Executive Board: They do their job to improve the organizations strategy and policy. They meet every month to grow their strategy and solve their problems. Scientific Executive: Their role is most important in this research because they give necessary advise to the executive board and they also explain which strategy is successful for their work and they also give the support to solve issues but problem is that they meet only one time in a year so because of this they have to be very careful because its a question of peoples life. If they do small mistake during their research, it is very dangerous for their organizations reputation. They are considered the most influential body in making strategic decisions specially concerning research studies. Trustees: They give financial support to the organization. They arrange the direction of organization. They maintain the stock of organization. They also play a big role when it comes to strategic financial decisions Members: Member is a main part of organization because they have good knowledge, skills and experience from all fields like health care, business as well as finance. They take personally interest to bring the organization in first number. Mission, Vision, Value, Objective Goal Mission: They save peoples lives .They ensure that to create medicine for tomorrow to treat the cancer. Cancer is expanding more in last many years and because of this they have been at centre of the process. They give cancer related all information to people. They want to put the cancer at the top level of health agenda because cancer is not common diseases, many people is getting victim of cancer since many years. Vision: We will fight together to cancer. They want to concentrate on research. They support good environment for research. To give the work to the right people for research. Values: Their work is help to change the way of cancer, which is found today. Many of charities are registed. They drive by the charity commission; along with they work with other charities and Government. The most important thing is in charity is Fund. People give fund in different way like on some occasion (birthday, anniversary and wedding).They have more than 500 charity shops in the UK so people can buy or donate the goods. They have proud of their achievement because they are doing implement on research, they want to help that people who are suffering from cancer. They work in partners with others to get the biggest influence in the world to fight with cancer. Many people work together to promise that they create the right way to use this fund whatever they receive and they want to bring to cancer research UK in top level of research in the world. Goals: Cancer research UK has established set of goals to get their success over next years to beat against cancer. Survival ratio for all common cancer will gain. Most of the people will get the information whatever they want for cancer. Cancer will be collapsed successfully. They will have all information to understand the impact of the cancer in the body. They will have more powerful research strategy and which level of research they should apply the strategy to control the cancer. Objectives: To destroy the cancer at the starting level its a very difficult but they already accepted and they will finish their duty. They want to inform the people, they find out their understanding of cancer and how to beat different type of cancer. They want to help people to understand the process of cancer, why and how it starts? And what they should do? And what they should not do? Analysis of Current Strategic Plans At present, Cancer Research UK is committed to develop and do a more comprehensive medical research activity still to support their ultimate mission and vision. They are putting the right people in doing these researches as well as giving them the proper and high technology training. Re-arranging and making further improvements in their strategic plans on all fronts like scientific, clinical are clearly stated in their plans at present and will be further carried out in the future. In doing this, they will join other countries scientists, researchers and doctors so they can get more indepth information in fighting cancer. While they are fully funded and supported by certain committees plus the generosity of other people, the utilization of high technology which is still in practice will further be improved by allocating additional funds/budget. This way, studies/research works will be fully supported and researches will be aided accordingly. Uniqueness of Non-Profit in Strategic Planning Cancer Research UK is a non-profit organization. They tend to focus more on matters of board development, fundraising and volunteer management as compare to profits. For profits tend to focus more on activities to maximize profit. Following ways of income for this non profit organization. Â · High Value Relationships Maintaining a healthy relationship with its coporate partners and well as the individuals they are working for. RESOURCES There are plenty shops and online shopping whose income goes to the cancer research. Local Fundraising Groups. There are many groups who work volunteer for fundraising. Events. Organizing and holding fund-raising activities. Awareness for the Public Concentrating on the needs of each individual and giving solutions to their needs and wants Recycling They have a scheme of recycling that is recycle your books, toys, jewellery, etc. to raise funds for children and young people with cancer. Online donation Links with different most popular websites for donation Everyday ways to help They have a range of Everyday Ways which enable people to help children with cancer every day, and at no extra cost to you. Reference: (www.cancerresearchuk.org) COCA-COLA COMPANY History Of Coca Cola Introduction The product all started in 1886 when John Pemberton (pharmacist) cooked up a syrup and with the aid of his assistant used a carbonated water tried and tested it themselves by adding iced water. What they planned of producing a medicinal drink turned out to be a tonic/fizzy beverage. Although they also experienced losses in the earlier part and didnt become an instant success, they didnt stopped developing it that when consumers finally accepted its taste, the product, Coca-Cola became the popular drink and consumed around the world. At present, it is the number one manufacturer and distributor of non-alcoholic drinks and markets the product very well. Not only do they produced bottled softdrinks but canned beverages as well. They are very successful in production using concentrates and syrups that nearly about 400 brands are now in position in the market not to mention other product lines such as sports drinks, tea and coffee. For more than 100 years, The Coca-Cola Company established its image in the global network operating in more than 200 countries providing satisfaction in every consumers mouth, which is the organizations main idea. It has two operating groups such as the Bottling Group and the Corporate Group and each are designed to carry out specific tasks/resonsibilities and operation goes down to the regional divisions. The main aim of the company is to increase sales and profits and give satisfaction and value to customers by providing high caliber service and production of the best possible brands. The Coca-Cola Company is committed to maintain a strong brand name and brand image globally and theres no stopping them from doing it while they still strive hard to climb even more high. Coca-Cola Organizational Structure Corporate Level Board of Directors CEO/CFO BusinessLevel Division Managers (Heads of each Regional Divisions) Africa Eurasia EU Pacific Latin America North America Functional Level The Coca-Cola Company is a big organization whos main focus is customer satisfaction specially with the changing demands of its customers. It covers wide regions and each region has different regulations, different consumer needs and different problems to deal with. They realized that majority of the companys problems are based geographically and this led them to push towards decentralization in the nineties. The organization has two operating groups called Bottling Investments and Corporate. There are also operating groups divided by different regions such as: Africa, Eurasia, European Union, Latin America, North America, and Pacific. Each of these divisions is again divided into geographic regions. With this divisions broken down, it allowed decisions to be made on a more local level so that they can respond fast to the ever changing behaviour of the market. and higher-level management can focus more on long-term planning. However, for the company to formulate and focus on one glob al message, its marketing and innovation functions remained centrally located and further tailored at the local level. Within the Coca-Cola Company most decisions are made at the top hierarchy and an example of this was when it decided to sponsor the World Cup in 2002. However, all the advertising decisions were left to the local divisions since they know very well how the market behaves specially customizing each campaign materials that would appeal to the local market. The companys divisions such as finance, human resources, innovation, marketing and strategy and planning are centrally located within the Corporate division of the company. Some of these functions take place at lower levels in each of the regions of the company. In 2004, when the company faced an extremely low growth rate, they began using a more complex integrating mechanism wherein top managers created a solution through face-to-face meetings held regularly at the local levels so employees could remain informed. Besides the use of teams and meetings, the intranet was overhauled to provide a source of real-time sharing of up-to-date information quickly with each function of the company. With this move, employees feel more engaged and turnover has been reduced, it led to increased growth rates for the organization as well as positive return on equity for stockholders at 20 percent. The Coca-Cola Companys structure is a hybrid of both mechanistic and organic models. Mechanistic in the sense that the company maintains a high standard organization and organic wherein surveys and interviews used by the company allowed information to flow from the bottom-up while the intranet allows for information to be exchanged laterally. It was a big help for the company in pursuing simplification and standardization. The Coca-Cola Company is driven by some rules of corporate governance. Elected by the share owners, The Boards role is to oversee the companys long-term interest and overall success of the business as well as its financial strength. They give ultimate decisions of the Company but they dont touch more on matters concerning shareholders scope. They review and make sure choose the best members of its top management who in turn are responsible for conducting the business of the Company. The CEO obtains information from other divisions through Presidents of each regional operating group as well as high executives like the Chief Marketing Officers, Commercial Officers and Chief Innovation and Technology Officer. The Coca-Cola Companys business-level strategy is considered as differentiation. This is so because they have been successful pursuing their focus on how the company and its products will be marketed strongly and remain competitive in the market. The Coca-Cola Company is known for innovative marketing that constantly promotes their brand names and at the same time protect their domains from competitors. It is tactical in structure because it supports and responds to the companys strategic plan on how the company will work well and stay on top of competition. The divisional managers (heads of each regional divisions), business managers decides on how the company and its products will grow and earn more profits through proper research and marketing. The marketing department is the most powerful sub-unit in the organization because it can attract customers who are the critical scarce resource. The heavy emphasis on marketing will help the company in finding ways to become more efficient in production or distribution. The lower levels for each division are responsible for the day-to-day activities of the organization and they closely coordinate with their respective seniors/team leaders in coordinating and reporting the effectiveness and feasibility of some operational decisions made. They are given the chance to suggest and voice out if there are more effective ways in implementing developed plans because they are the ones involved directly in carrying it out. This way they feel important and engaged in their work as well as the organization. Everyone is given a chance to be heard and it shows that even on this level, opinions and suggestions are being taken up to the higher level which makes the flow of work within the organization smooth and easy. Key Stakeholders The Coca Cola Company has many internal and external stakeholders. The following are its main internal stakeholders: Shareowners they are the main investors of the company whos main concern is to earn profit. They have the power to select members of the board. However, The Board of Directors has influence in making strategic decisions because they are responsible in overseeing the companys long-term interest and overall success of the business. Associates they work closely with the stakeholders as partners but not influential in making strategic decisions. Employees people working within the company with dedication and with a common goal of fulfilling its aims and objectives to help management in making the business grow and stay in competition. The Senior/Upper Management team handles a difficult task of operating the business in the right track making sure all the sales objectives will be met and work done well following a systematic way. They also have the power to make strategic decisions specially that the company operates regionally with different regional behaviours. Aside from its internal forces, the following are considered its external stakeholders: Bottling partners they are in close partnership with the organization for they provide the distribution, packaging and proper handling of products. Government they are concerned with environmental health and the taxes they will impose on the company Suppliers in close partnership with the organization who supplies the materials they need but are also concerned of making the most money out of their products Consumers/Customers they are the end users and the main reason why the company exists. They possess different market behaviours all over the globe which is the reason why Coca- Cola Company never stops in developing market research and customize advertising to satisfy their needs and wants. Mission, Vision, Value, Objective Goal Mission, Vision Values define that what they are, what they sought to achieve and how they want to get and they provide their clear management for their company and they all are working together for the same goal objective. Coca cola is a more profitable company in the world. Mission: Coca Cola is creating a strong impression in the market. It announces that their aim as a company to provide a standard brand. Coca Cola wants: To produce a product which the customer needs. To give something new to world for today and tomorrow. They want to encourage their future success by building a strong brand that has longevity. To create value for investors but also make a difference in the world Vision: They have established their goals, which they will work with their distribution channel for getting their mission. Profit: Maximizing return to shareholder while fulfilling all responsibilities. People: To create great place to work where people are encouraged to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Giving to the world a portfolio of biggest drink brand that satisfies peoples demands. Partners: Nurturing a winning network of partners and building mutual loyalty. Planet: To be a responsible in all over the world. Productivity: Very innovative and fast management in product line. Values: To be a leader, they want to be flexible for their supplier, buyers and staff. They are innovative in their product process. They put their total focus on their management because they want a quality of being morally good. They want to be first to the market in responding to the changing needs of their consumers. They want to collaborate with their consumers forever. Goals: They want to expand their global business by reaching their consumer and they want to know who will enjoy their product. They want to excel as a business in the areas of health consciousness. Environmental protection, community participation and workplace standards. To gain profitable share of the market in the entire world. They believe in building long term profits. Objectives: To be a first thought of customers satisfaction. Advertising is the main source of increasing customer demands. Celebrities such as actors, actresses and cricketers are playing a most important role in massive advertising campaigns. Analysis of Current Strategic Plans In line with the companys ultimate mission and vision, Coca-Cola is still fulfilling its promise of delivering customer satisfaction a proof that up to now they maintain a strong brand name globally and still promises to be on top of competition even with the strong presence of competitors. They still exert effort in developing market research and advertising to study each and every consumers behaviour as well as continuously innovating and differentiating their products to be unique and appealing to the general public. They maintain good business relationships with their stakeholders, flexible with their consumers allocating more funds for innovation, technology and fast distribution. Coca-Cola is a very profitable company even from the past and are still committed to earn more profit at present and in the future. Regional divisions are implementing their tasks in a more customized way still following the organizations main mission and objective in satisfying customers needs and wants. Uniqueness of Profit in Strategic Planning The Coca Cola of the planning activities is often different to non-profits. The Coca Cola tend to focus more on activities to maximize profit. The thing through which they determine budget, that is profit . They fulfill this priority by different strategic planning as mentioned below. STRATEGIES FOR PROFITS Some major ways are as follows. How to gain consumers interest? They increase the volume of sales by intensive advertising and launching different product flavors like Coke Zero, Diet Coke, Oasis, Lilt, Dr. Pepper, Fanta, etc. How to attract people in taking part with their activities/festival? They offer different attractive things in their festical and through this, Coca-Coal gained high profit and consumption increased during these occasions. Among their activities are the following: Coca-Cola Games Coca-Cola signed a sponsorship agreement with players. Coca-Cola realizing the fact that games are very short way to provide their brand to consumers like Indian cricket team who did contract with them. Having contract with teams also created an image that Coca Cola can be a refreshing drink and not just an ordinary daily beverage. Coca-Cola Concerts Many celebrities signed contract with them as exclusive product endorsers with the likes of Amir Khan and Aishwarya Rai. Coca-Cola Nokia Promotional type wherein people will have a chance to win Coca-Cola branded cellphones (Nokia 3310), which made their sales go high as well as their profit. Analysis of Strategic Business Planning Model (Coca-Cola vs. Cancer Research UK) At present, both organizations are very much engaged in developing their own Research works with a common goal of serving and satisfying each ones market. They might only differ in such a way that Coca-Colas research deals more of their products which are consumable while Cancer Research UK is more inclined in scientific and clinical studies to combat a deadly disease. Both are concerned on the environments health and safety which is very much important to end-users as well as cancer patients or even the general public. Both can be considered as implementing innovation and differentiation in their own fields in such a way that both are utilizing high technology to improve their products (Coca-Cola) to be unique to competitors and research innovations (CRU) to determine and dig more deeply in getting data and information on how to beat cancer.

Factors That Influence Consumers To Consume Honey Marketing Essay

Factors That Influence Consumers To Consume Honey Marketing Essay There are numerous of explanations when it comes to exploring the factors that influence consumers to consume honey products. The portrayal of honey congregated importance ever since it has been commonly used in both medical and domestic needs and as well as beauty needs. The oldest and most pioneer natural sweetening agent is honey where it has been exists for over centuries. (Aparna Rajalakshmi, 1999). Honey is a foundation of readily accessible sugars, protein, acids, nitrogen, amino acids, minimal amount of minerals and a number of other micro quantities of modules like pigments, aroma, flavour, phenolic compounds, colloids, sugar alcohol and vitamins (Crane et al, 1975). It takes 50000 bees to produce 500 pounds of honey in one year. Overall, most of the honey in the world is produced by the Apis Mellifera which better known as the honey bee and the other one would be the Apis Cerana which is regarded as the eastern honey bee. Average Range Standard Deviation Fructose/Glucose 1.23 0.76 1.86 0.126 Fructose, % 38.38 30.91 44.26 1.77 Glucose, % 30.31 22.89 40.75 3.04 Minerals (Ash), % 0.169 0.020 1.028 0.15 Moisture, % 17.2 13.4 22.9 1.46 Reducing Sugars, % 76.75 61.39 83.72 2.76 Sucrose, % 1.31 0.25 7.57 0.87 pH 3.91 3.42 6.10 Total Acidity, mcq/kg 29.12 8.68 59.49 10.33 True/Protein, mg/100g 168.6 57.7 56.7 70.9 Table .1 Composition of Honey (National Honey Board, 1996) In peoples perspective, the quality of the product will be the key success factor of honey product where industries of honey maker faced challenges for making and maintaining as well as preserving of honey products. Nevertheless, honey plays an essential role of contribution towards the medical field as it is generally healthy and popular. On the other hand, brand reputation of honey is going competitive around the world as countries such as India, Yemen, New Zealand, Australia, Saudi Arabia and etc. come in as big competitors to gain the largest honey manufacturer title. While for the pricing for honey is vary depending on the saturation, the level of harvesting, taste, colour, country origin and many more. Physical appearance also important as it plays an intrinsic and extrinsic role for consumers. Nowadays, honey is consumed all over the world nonetheless. To add on, the Americans in the US are the largest consumers of honey followed up by Chinese in China and the Germans in Germany. Though there has been a moderately steady of consumption of honey for the last five years, however the weather and superiority still maintained as the key factors manipulating the world market. (AAFRD, 2005). There have been studies on the average world consumption of honey which is about 220 grams per inhabitants per year. Thus, the average consumption of honey in developing and developed countries is 133 and 650 grams per inhabitants per year respectively (Napolitano et al, 2006). With the increasing of market size and the increasing consumer demand each year, honey makers have to search for new approaches and to learn to understand the consumer need in order to increase their product satisfaction and customers loyalty. Thus, the increase in consumers satisfaction will affect positively towards product sales. Therefore, this research is a study on how quality of product, medical condition, brand reputation, physical appearance and pricing can affect the consumers satisfaction in purchasing honey products. The manufacturing process of honey is simply beyond belief and amusing. The first stage will be the removal of full honeycombs from the hive. For the removal of honeycombs, the bee hive will have to be either immunise with smoke to force the bee to come out or simply sweep the bees off the combs gently and guide them back to hive or a separator board will be positioned to close the honey chamber off from the brood chamber. This is depicted in Diagram 1 and 2. When honey is finally squirted out, the comb is then reinserted carefully. Secondly, the honeycombs will then be unsealed where at least two-thirds capped are placed into a transport box and taken to a location where there is free of bees. Thirdly is the extraction of honey where the honey combs are inserted into an extractor which is a large drum that draws out honey. Then comes the processing and bottling where honey is poured into tanks and heated to 120 °F (48.9 °C) to liquefy the crystals. After that, the condition is l eft for 24 hour. Any bee parts or pollen that rose up are being skimmed off. Last but not least, the honey is then propels into jars or cans for shipment. There are several methods for removing honey combs. The beekeeper can either sweep the bees off the combs and guide them back into the hive or inject a puff of smoke into the hive. When the bees sense the presence of fire, they gorge on honey in an attempt to take as much as they can with them before fleeing. Somewhat tranquilized by engorgement, the bees are less likely to sting when the hive is opened. Alternately, a separator board can be placed between the honey chamber and the brood chamber. When the bees in the honey chamber discover that they have been separated from their queen, they move through a hatch that allows them to enter the brood chamber, but not reenter the honey chamber. Diagram 1 Removal of honeycombs Source: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Honey.html#b A typical hive used in beekeeping. Diagram 2 The Structure of honey comb Source: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Honey.html#b Table 1: World honey production and consumption in 2005 Countries Production (1000 metric tons) Consumption (1000 metric tons) No. of bee hives No. of bee keepers Ukraine 71.46 52 RussiaRussia 52.13 54 SpainSpain 37.00 40 GermanyGermany  (*2008) 21.23 89 1,000,000 90,000 HungaryHungary 19.71 4 RomaniaRomania 19.20 10 GreeceGreece 16.27 16 FranceFrance 15.45 30 SerbiaSerbia 3 to 5 6.3 430,000 30,000 DenmarkDenmark  (*1996) 2.5 5 *150,000 *4,000 United StatesUnited States of America  (*2006, **2002) 70.306* 158.75* 2,400,000 12,029** (210,000 bee keepers) CanadaCanada 45 (2006); 28 (2007) 29 500,000 13,000 ArgentinaArgentina 93.42 (Average 84) 3 BrazilBrazil 33.75 2 AustraliaAustralia 18.46 16 New ZealandNew Zealand 9.69 8 313,399 2602 ChinaChina 299.33 (average 245) 238 7,200,000 7,200,000 TurkeyTurkey 82.34 (average 70) 66 4,500,000 IranIran 3,500,000 IndiaIndia 52.23 45 9,800,000 South KoreaSouth Korea 23.82 27 VietnamVietnam 13.59 0 TanzaniaTanzania 28.68 28 EgyptEgypt  (*1997) 16* 2,-00,000* 200,000* Central African RepublicCentral African Republic 14.23 14 South AfricaSouth Africa  (*2008) ~2.5* ~1.5* 92,000 1,790 Table 1 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), August 2007. Table 1 shows the world honey production and consumption in the year 2005. The available details in the table are production level (1000 metric per tons), consumption level (1000 metric per tons), number of bee keepers and bee hives. Countries that have been selected in this research are Ukraine, Russia, Spain, Germany (2008), Hungary, Romania, Greece, France, Serbia, Denmark, United States of America, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, China, Turkey, Iran, India, South Korea, Vietnam, Tanzania, Egypt and Central Africa Republic. Problem Statement/ Research Questions Consumers always confirm that the value or quality of the product is acceptable or equivalent to the amount of money they paid for. It is unquestionable that customer perceived value as the ratio of the perceived benefits (Monroe, 1990). In other words, customers always expect the highest and best quality of the product for what they had paid for. There have been studies of forbidden honey imported in China by the United Kingdom and the European Union and Canada due to the content of the chemical, Chloramphenicol which is a type of slow process destructive antibiotic that can caused toxicity in human health. (Ingram, 2002). This is because large packers and manufacturers have no concern over business ethics and quality management by mixing the specific honey with the American honey in order to decrease their overall cost. Therefore it has become cheap honey that has commonly been used in daily intake. Some consumers have been deceived by cheaper price marketing strategies. Researchers argued that price promotion occasionally does not bring positive effect on purchase intention but negative effects. There has been some figure of consumers that do not check the origin country of the honey from the container which eventually will lead to misinformation. Nevertheless, consumers do not have the initiatives to know more about the legal packaging and nutrition level as they presumed its totally safe to consume. They simply are being deceived by the fake messages. This practice may lead to the development of contraband or fake honey to be delivered globally through black market. Also, most of the commercial honey was thinned by added syrups. There have been evidence to support the idea of product packaging can affect the consumers buying behaviour. All the aspect such as colour, shape, brand belief, designs, brand personality, and brand image plays an important role in affecting consumers buying behaviour in purchasing honey because consumer do not actually think intensely about all brands at all before they walked into the store to buy. More than 70 percent of purchase decisions are achieved through at the point of sale after a detailed market research is conducted (Connolly and Davidson, 1996). Honey products have been developing from health supplements field to economic development field. In the past issue has triggered a lot of numbers of academicians and researchers to conduct a thorough research on this issue. Few research questions they arose are as follow: What is the Malaysians level of understanding of honey products? Does the quality of the products affect the consumption of honey products among consumers? Does the medical conditions played an important role in affecting the consumers satisfaction and buying decision? Does the brand reputation affect the consumption of honey products among consumers? Is physical appearance really important in order to affect the consumers to purchase honey products? What are the correlations between consumption of honey products and pricing? Research Objectives In order to answer all the research questions, the following objectives are clearly defined: To determine the level of understanding of honey products among Malaysians. To investigate the relationship between the quality of products and consumption of honey products. To explore the relationship between the medical condition affecting consumption of honey products. To define the relationship between the reputation and consumption of honey products. To explain the relationship between the physical appearances which may affect the consumption of honey products? To clarify the relationship of pricing affecting the consumption of honey products. Significance of study The topic on the factors that affect the consumers to purchase honey products has seldom been discussed in recent research. Upon the completion of this research shall grant more essential information and guidance to the honey maker industries as the honey served well in economics and health fields. Nevertheless, this research is beneficial to those who are interested in learning more about consumers behaviour toward honey products and factors affecting it. Also, the independent variables served as a strong purpose to the honey maker industries as the research might help the industries to change the method and implement the necessary strategy in term of manipulating the strategy related to honey in order to enhance the competitive advantage in modern marketplace. Lastly, this research also studies the behavior and satisfaction of consumers purchasing honey products. Honey industries have made a great impact on employment and economics in the agricultural and health field. People with experiences in honey and bees can easily being employed by honey manufacturer companies, pharmacies, traditional medical store and hospitals because those businesses lack of potential input (Mclane, 2012). Scope of study This research mainly focuses on middle age adults in Malaysia as they are the primary consumers of honey products because their percentage of buying intention is higher compared to young adulthood and elderly. The age of middle adulthood is 30 to 65 (Cattin and Wattink, 1982). The middle age adults are the most suitable candidates for this research because their physical fitness and mental obligation start to decrease as age is catching up to them or maybe they purchased honey products for their family usage. Therefore, they are the one who need honey products and most importantly is that they are the categorized group whom are willing and able to pay for honey products as supplements (Ee, 2012). Operational Definition The independent variables are quality of the product, medical condition, brand reputation, physical appearance, and pricing while the dependent variable is consumption of honey products. Quality of product The variety of types and characteristics of a specific product to its ability to meet given requirements and in degree of excellence. Medical condition The benefits of health which can be obtained by undertaking the product. Brand reputation The recognition which has increased the clearness and accessibility to information through mission statement, marketing and affiliation. Pricing Customers perceived value. Different pricing methods vary depending on the degree of importance on selection, estimation, evaluation of cost, comparative analysis and market situation. Consumption of honey products The act of consuming the honey and also the ways applying the product. Consumers behavior towards honey products Comportment of an individual or groups acquiring, using, and disposing of products, services, ideas or experiences. Also includes the study of understanding consumer thoughts, actions and feelings. 1.7 Organisational of Research Chapter 1 discuss about the introduction of the honey products and factors influencing the consumers purchasing of honey products. Then, there is the background of the study followed up by the objectives and problem statement which has been clearly defined here. The background of the research mainly covers the managers who are part of catalyst of virtual product development as sample in this research. This chapter also covers the significance of the study, the scope of the study and the operational definition. Chapter 2 is examine the past literature review that are related to this field, factors affecting the consumers to purchase honey products. This chapter is more on extracting the past researches done by researchers on the dependent and independent variables involved. Chapter 3 will describe the research methods that were employed in conducting this research in order to find out the tendencies of the consumption of honey responding to the independent variables. The theoretical framework and hypothesis will be shown in this part .Lastly, the sampling design and data analysis method will be discussed in details in this part. Chapter 4 express all the analysis of the data collected done by using the Statistical Process for Social Science (SPSS) version 17. The frequencies and percentage of the demographic profile is shown in this chapter. Three tests are done in this research to test the hypotheses which are the Reliability Test, Pearson Correlation Test and Multiple Regression Analysis. Chapter 5 shows the discussion of the hypotheses .Each hypotheses is explained in details and the latter part of the research is the implications and recommendations for the research study. Lastly, conclusion is made to sum up the entire research. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The literature review is a documentation of the related studies from past researchers, with the objectives to deliver supporting evidence for the research. Furthermore, literature review is designed to provide a clearer preview and logical presentation to the studies. In this particular research, the literature review is divided into three sections which consist of introduction, brief history, dependent variable and independent variable. The introduction will be the explanation of the meaning literature review while the brief history will be the description of past history of honey industry in the world. Nevertheless, the dependent variable will be the consumers behaviour of purchasing honey related products. On the other hand, the independent variables are the quality of products, medical condition, brand reputation, physical appearance and pricing. 2.2.1 Brief history of honey industry (world) Honey has been in the history of mankind since 2100 B.C. where researchers found the evidence on the written wall of the Sumerian and Babylonian civilisation as well as in Egypt and India. Researchers even assumed that honey existed even earlier than the civilisations. Hunig was given as a supplementary English name for honey where it was then been well recognised as sweetener used by many people (Filippone, 2012). Back in those days, honey is nevertheless considered as essential in terms of food, beverages, furniture polishes and glosses as well as medical purpose (Crane, 1975). Honey has also often been used as practices of currency exchange, tributes or offerings (Ransome, 2002). Honey industry in the world has faced a lot of obstacles such as global weather patterns in Argentina and Chile where the extreme temperatures and dry humidity affect the honey drastically and market manipulation of honey price in Europe. As a result, the US crop is estimated at the end of the year to decline to approximately 150,000,000- 160,000,000 pounds which is one of the lowest crops ever recorded the history of honey production (Phipps, 2012). Likewise, the honey production in 2005 had been decline to as much as five percent worldwide (Flottum, 2005). There has been research from Anton (1995) where farm management is practiced so that the organic food management can meet the Federal regulations of safety and quality of food supply including Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Nutrition Labelling and Education Act. Still, beekeeping has never failed to be one of the primogenital forms of animal husbandry the world has ever known. (McNulty et al, 2006). As an implication, honey has been serving as an important benchmark and standard for both consumers and suppliers in the honey industry ever since (Baltrusaityte et al, 2007). As nutrition knowledge has been expanded and was put as a priority in science field, many people were pretty well-aware of understanding the assortment and types of foods, their nutritional composition and human dietary in their daily life. Soon from gaining the knowledge, people were somehow able to indicate the relationship between different type and combination of food and the links and good health as well as food intake. (Valentine, 2000). Since then, honey industries have been making a giant leap as essential food supplement for human (Aparna and Rajalakshmi, 1999). Also, there has been a research defining the price of organic honey being relatively high in the market demand (Phipps, 2012). 2.2.2 Consumer behaviour towards honey products Consumer behaviour is undoubtedly defined as the behaviour that consumers project in searching for, using, purchasing, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they assume will satisfy their needs (Pelau, 2011). The term is defined in order to have a better understanding and information on the relationship between consumer behaviour and the marketing concept as well as market segmentation, targeting and positioning (Hawkins pg 11, 2010). Customer satisfaction is considered as the top notch of the whole idea of consumer behaviour as its defined as customers feelings towards a certain value of the product or service that was received as a result of using a specific organizations proposing in precise use situations which is essential (Woodruff, 1993). Own Total Product Consumer Decision Superior Value Process Expected Competitors Total Sales Product Perceived Value Delivered Customers Satisfaction Figure 2.1 Creating Satisfied Customers Source: Consumer Behaviour: Building Marketing Strategy 11th Edition 2010 pg 24 Figure 2.1 shows on how to create satisfied customers especially for industries that grow from its emerging status into large scale. There has been a research showing that most of the consumers usually comprehend themselves bearing with risks instead of benefits (Reid, 2000 a,b). This occurrence is based on habitualized behaviour and decision making as most of the consumers always purchase it repeatedly until they are familiarized and put their trust in it which is better known as superior value expected. From the occurrence of sale, customers perceived value were delivered and satisfaction is obtained (Pelau, 2011). According to Phipps (2008), industries that sell natural products tend to generate a connection bond and send confident messages to consumers so that there will be an increase of consumption level, new products are developed, consumers perception value boosted and the increased entrance of higher quality products into the market. Occasionally, there are consumers which want to obtain high quality of food products with unique and exclusive characteristics (Madas et al, 2011).Not overlooking that consumers always put their interest and their money into foods that are free of contaminants, pesticides, chemicals and other health risks so that they are somehow able to feel assured in their rational mind (Mintel Organic Foods, 2006, p.1). Some of the consumers react to the purchase decision making are sometimes based on past experience (Robert Douglas, 2001). However, most of the consumers always purchase the product or service based on emotional aspect rather than rational aspect and its important to capture their buying decision by projecting superior value of the product or service which can be done through mass media and advertising. Consumers are usually influenced not only by economy but psychology as well (Leon et al, 2011). Nonetheless, human behaviour can be best explained by the Theory Planned Behaviour (TPB) as the theory are widely used in managerial decision making in order to link between attitudes and behaviour of a customer (Sommer, 2011). It is the way of understanding on how an individual would react and behave in a specific manner which is influenced by attitudes, norms and perceived behavioural control (Smith et al, 2007). The Theory Planned Behaviour is a detailed development of reason-based actions which explained; people do what they like and intend to do whereas people do not do what they dislike and not intend to do (Fishbein, 1975). The fundamental elements of the Theory Planned Behaviour are behavioural beliefs and attitude toward behaviour, normative and subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and lastly the behavioural intention (Ajzen et al, 1986 Chan et al, 1993). Behavioural beliefs are the understanding of consequences or particular behaviour while attitude toward behav iour is defined as progressive or adverse valuation of self-performance of the particular behaviour (Ajzen, 1991). Normative norm is an individuals perception based on peer or family influence while subjective norm is an individuals acuity based on societal normative pressure (Kuhl, 1985). Then again, perceived behavioural control refers to peoples perception of their ability to execute an assigned behaviour. Lastly, the behavioural intention is the autonomous probability that he or she will participate in a given behaviour (Committee on Communication for Behaviour Change in 21st Century, 2002). Mutually, the Theory Planned Behaviour has a higher rate of success in forecasting the intentions rather than the behaviour aspect (Armitage et al, 2001 Sheeran, 2002 Sutton, 1998). Understanding consumers behaviour and purchasing patterns especially on product line are extremely crucial in order to create inevitable customers satisfaction level (Leon et al, 2011). Without potential consumers to purchase honey products, there will be decline opportunity for honey makers to survive in the natural food industry (Anton 1995). 2.2.3 Quality of Product The meaning of quality refers to any situations and perception where consumers decisive roles and patterns are manipulated (Oliver 1997). Due to its differences, there are many meanings. Quality of product is well-defined as superiority or excellence of performance and apparent quality of a certain product which judged and assessed based on consumers perception and opinion (Aaker1991). A typical characteristic of an object to its degree of superiority is known as quality (Conklin Thompson, 1993). There are people who favour quality as the originator or determinant of satisfaction because the customers are the one that define and perceive quality (Cronin Taylor, 1992; Sullivan, 1993; Spreng and Mackoy 1996). Product quality can be examined under two different categories which are objectives quality and perceived quality (Brunso et al, 2005). Measuring the quality is fixed by intrinsic and extrinsic value. The intrinsic value denotes to something that are interrelated to the physical form of the product such as colour, appearance and volume whereas extrinsic value is related to non-physical form of the product such as branding and product information (Zeithaml 1988 and Steemkamp 1997). There has been a research done by Anderson and Sullivan in 1993 stating that consumers may have different preferences or obligations with respect to which characteristics of a product quality need to be improvised simultaneously, and, to what extent just to get more satisfactory result. This is because attitude of the consumers are credentials for satisfaction which links the relationships between quality perceptions and the product itself (Maria, 2003). Attitude of the consumers can either be constructive or inauspicious depending on the quality of product they received (Fishbein Ajden 1975). Therefore, product owners need to find out the missing links and think out of the box to give solutions and improvisations on the products if its been found under dissatisfactory level in order to maintain customers loyalty (Pearson, 2006). Product from industrialized countries such as China, United States of America and the European Union are supposed to have higher quality compared to those from less developed countries such as Vietnam and Iran (Cordell, 1992). For honey maker industries, the quality of honey is primarily branded by its sensorial, chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics. Each and every honey products that been manufactured have to be under license, approved by International Honey Commissions and meets the requirements by governments food safety authority (IMAQE) in order to gain customers trust and loyalty (Mariana et al, 2011). For Products Performance Serviceability    Reliable Reasonable Price    Ease of Use   Maintainability Durability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Simplicity Aesthetics Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Safe   Ã‚     Ease of Disposal Figure 2.2- The content of quality for products Source: http://www.bexcellence.org/What-Is-Quality.html For a product to achieve its maximum potential quality in order to satisfy consumers requires to achieve most of the attributes such as outstanding performance to execute, reasonable price to purchase, durable, easily available everywhere, easily to be service, user friendly, simple as possible, safe, reliable, easily to maintain, aesthetics and easily to dispose (Based on Figure 2.2). The tool for measuring quality which has been suggested by Petrick (2002) is divided into four sub groups which are quality outstanding, reliability, trustworthiness and consistency. On the other hand, consultation advice from industry experts and product samplings are often the key to maintain a high level quality of the product (Elder 2005; Ross 2005). Nonetheless when the quality of the product is good or reliable, consumers dont mind and willing to pay more extra for these attributes (Figure 2.2) as they are well aware that the virtue of quality surpassed quantity (Cronin Taylor, 1992 and Sullivan, 1993; Spreng and Mackoy 1996). However, consumers tend to understand the quality information provided on the label as well as based on their observations in order to purchase a certain product. A good quality product can constructs customer pleasure and delight while an inferior quality product will lead to customers dissatisfaction and irritation (Kotler Armstrong 2010). 2.2.4 Medical Condition Medical condition can be classified as condition which the occurrence of medical problem that needs to be treated or managed (George, 2012). Diseases from major to minor state or even the sign of disease which occurred on an individual is also considered as medical condition (Rod, 2009). People nowadays have always been concerning about health preservation and improvement especially for themselves and their family (Schifferstein and Oude, Ophuis, 1998; Tregear et al, 1994) .Consciousness on the nutrition, health, and quality of food they eat has bec

She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron :: She Walks in Beauty Poem Poetry

She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron There is a spectacular use of assonance in the first verse here:- look at the rime words night, skies, bright, eyes ... same vowel throughout ... so the whole stanza rimes ababab but assonates aaaaaa this kind of double-effect was highly prized by keats, shelley and Byron, all of whom took the technical side of writing poetry extrememly seriously. Lord Byron describes a night (associated with darkness) with bright stars (light) and compares this woman to that night. She brings together these opposites in her beauty and creates a "tender light." Not a light like the daytime, since he describes that as gaudy (showy in a vulgar way), but a light that "heaven" doesn't even honor the daytime with. Byron's diction in this poem is quite metaphorical. "She walks in beauty, like the night / Of cloudless climes and starry skies" (lines 1-2 ). His use of imagery has allowed us to visualize an atmosphere that surrounds this woman. The imagery he uses also brings together two opposing forces, darkness and light which works quite well together as one united force. We can visualize a dark sky filled bright stars, a perfect picture for an ideal evening, which can be compared to his picture of a perfect woman. This woman, as well as the night, contains opposite features within her. "And all that ¡Ã‚ ¯ s best of dark and bright / Meet in her aspect and her eyes" (lines 3-4 ). The joining of these opposite forces can be associated with internal aspects of this woman. Although this poem begins with a description of a woman walking, there are not any images of her body. Byron continuously refers to her hair and face. These lines work well because they employ an enjambed line as well as a metrical substitution  ¡Ã‚ ª a momentary change in the regular meter of the poem. When poets enjamb a line and use a metrical substitution at the beginning of the next line, they are calling attention to something that is a key to a poem. Here Byron substitutes a trochaic foot (an accented syllable followed by an unaccented one) for the iambic foot at the start of the fourth line. Why? Because he is putting particular emphasis on that word "meet." He is emphasizing that the unique feature of this woman is her ability to contain opposites within her; "the best of dark and bright / meet" in her.