Bank for International Settlements. Include assessment of extent of Essay

Bank for International Settlements. Include assessment of extent of overvaluation or undervaluation of the Chinese yuan over recent years compared to the situations ofthe US dollar, Euro, and Japanese yen - Essay Example Using the relative PPP, a 2006 studt (Sinnakkannu & Nassir) shows that it was actually overvalued from January to October 2005 and was undervalued in the next months after. Meanwhile, the RMB was overvalued compared to the Japanese Yuan from January 2005 to March 2006 but its value started dropping soon afterward. Lastly, when compared with the Euro, the RMB was overvalued the entire 2005, then was undervalued in 2006 onwards. Using the reference exchange rate, we can see that, the value of the RMB vs. the Japanese has increased by about 47.65% from its 2006 while it has decreased by 2% from its original value in 2005. One will remember that the RMB was still pegged to the USB in 2005, hence, one may say that the Chinese Yuan was still undervalued at the time, as proven by the balance of payments approach presented in the previous sections. Meanwhile, it is not appropriate to compare the Yuan with the Yen using the international trade parity since published data are typically in U.S. Dollars. National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2010. Reference Exchange Rate of Renminbi (Period Average). China Statistical Yearbook 2010. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2010/html/R0602E.HTM [Accessed November 18, 2011]. Sinnakkannu, J. & Nassir, A.M., 2006. A Study on the Effect of De-Pegging of the Renminbi Against the US Dollar on the China’s International Trade Competitiveness. International Research Journal of Finance and Econnomics, (5),

Equilty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equilty - Essay Example There are many issues that are involved in the way citizens are expected to pay their taxes, which cannot be generalized to bring an agreement. Different levels of income are an example that contributes to these disagreements. The high income earners will not be expected to pay the same tax as the low income earners. This is what economists refer to as the ability to pay principle (Blum and Kalvern 2011). This principle argues that one should pay tax according to his power to pay. People who have high income are able to pay; hence they are supposed to pay more tax. This shows that large amounts of taxes will come from rich people. The benefit principle is another system that governments use to get taxes from the citizens (Blum and Kalvern 2011). Everyone who benefits from the outcomes of taxes is supposed to pay it accordingly. This signifies that there will be no balance in paying the taxes among the citizens since, different people gains differently from the functions of the tax es. People in towns will pay more than those in rural areas who get less access to the outcomes of the taxes paid. Conclusion However, equity goes hand in hand with fairness. The two concepts mentioned above may both bring disagreements, but an agreement may some how be reached if the benefit principle is enforced. Blum and Kalvern (2011), consumers will always want to maximize their utility and minimize the cost. Therefore, people from every part of the country will feel the worth of the payments they make hence no

Pipeline Hydraulics Design Basis Engineering Essay

Pipeline Hydraulics Design Basis Engineering Essay It includes the pipe and flow characteristics of the transported fluid under specified operating conditions as established in the design basis. Velocity The pipeline has to be laid for the distance of 770km between Portland and Montreal, the fluid in the pipe is Light Crude Oil. Velocity of flow in a pipeline is the average velocity based on the pipe diameter and liquid flow rate. Its selection is first step in the designing procedure of our project. The flow velocity can have both advantages and drawbacks. High velocities can cause turbulence, and the striking of the fluid on the walls of the pipe which will cause damage to the pipes and eventually erode away the pipe, while low velocity on the other hand can cause the deposition of particulates in the line and cleanliness of the fluid will be compromised. Therefore, to avoid these problemsliquid lines are normally sized to maintain a velocity sufficient to keep the solid particles from depositing and also to prevent the erosion of the pipe. Under these considerations the recommended velocity is in the range of 3ft/s to 8ft/s. From this selected range of velocity we have to select a single velocity. The velocity we have selected for our line is 5ft/s. This is the intermediate velocity from the recommended range and all the further calculations will be done on this velocity. Velocity Selection The range as mentioned above is taken as 3ft/s to 5ft/s. The next step is to select a single velocity from this range. We have selected 5ft/s for our line. The reason for this velocity selection is the trade-off between pipe diameter and number of pump stations. According to continuity equation if we increase the velocity, the corresponding diameter will reduce but the pressure loss will increase due to which a higher number of pump stations are required. Similarly if we decrease the velocity, the number of pump stations will reduce but the diameter will increase for a given flow rate. Since the pipeline is laid over a long distance, the pipeline cost holds the major share of the capital investment therefore increasing the diameter will adversely affect the economics of pipeline. This trade-off is visible in the calculations shown in appendix A. The other reason for choosing this velocity is that if the flow rate fluctuates in the future for any reason the diameter selected from this intermediate velocity will be able to accommodate those variations without affecting our system. Diameter Calculation Calculation of the diameter is the core of the hydraulic designing.The diameter selected should be able to support the stresses on the pipe, the capacity of the fluid and minimize the pressure losses. Under given flow rate and assumed velocities, we can calculate the pipe diameter using continuity equation: V=Q/A V: Flow velocity Q: Volume flow rate A: Cross sectional area The flow rate is given as 109,000bbl/day or 7.1ft^3/s. The diameters are calculated at 3, 4, 5ft/s velocities and the respective diameters are 20.83, 18.04 and 16.14. Selection of Diameter As mentioned above 5ft/s is selected as the recommended velocity and the corresponding internal diameter (ID) is 16.14in. Nominal Pipe Size For the internal diameter subsequently we have to calculate the nominal pipe size. To calculate the nominal diameter we refer to the Pipe Data provided for the Carbon Steel. From the table shown in appendix B, it is found out that consequent nominal pipe size will be 18in. Characteristics of Flow Different flow properties are calculated to determine the regime of flow, losses in the pipes. The nature of the flow can be laminar or turbulent.There are two types of the losses. Major losses include the losses due to friction in straight pipes and minor losses due to bends, valves, tees. To calculate these we will be dealing with Reynolds number (for nature of flow), Moody diagram (for friction factor) and head loss calculations. Losses As the fluid flows through the pipe there is friction at the pipe wall and fluid interface in the straight portions of the pipe due to interference between the fluid and the walls of the pipe. This friction results in results in the loss of energy in the lineat the expense of liquid pressure and the losses are known as the major losses. Pipe systems consist of components in addition to straight pipes. These include bends, valves, tees etc and add further to the losses in the line. These losses are termed as minor losses.Experimental data is used to calculate these losses as the theoretical prediction is complex. Major Losses The pressure drop due to friction in a pipeline depends on the flow rate, pipe diameter, pipe roughness, liquid specific gravity, and viscosity. In addition, the frictional pressure drop depends on the Reynolds number (and hence the flow regime). Therefore, the fluid in the pipeline will undergo pressure losses as it runs in the line and reduce the operating pressure. This loss needs to be recovered and to maintain the pressure pumps are installed at specific locations according to the requirement (pumps are discussed in Chapter ahead). These pressure losses are calculated by using the Darcy-Weisbach formula à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  P = f(L/D)(V^2/2)à Ã‚  Where, f=Darcy friction factor, dimensionless, usually a number between 0.008 and 0.10 L=Pipe length, ft D=Pipe internal diameter, ft The pressure loss for velocity of 5ft/s comes out to be 9625.15psi. All the relevant calculations are shown in appendix A. Minor Losses Real pipeline systems mostly consist of more than straight pipes. The additional components (valves, tees and bends) add to the overall loss of the system. These are termed as minor losses. In case of very long pipes, these losses are usually insignificant incomparison to the  fluid friction in the length considered. But in case  of short pipes,these minor losses may actually be major losses such as in  suction pipe of a pumpwith strainer and foot valves.These losses represent additional energy dissipation in the flow, usually caused by secondary flows induced by curvature or recirculation. Minor loss in diverging flow is much larger than that  in converging flow. Minor lossesgenerally increase with an increase in the geometric distortion of the flow. Thoughminor losses are usually confined to a very  short length of path, the effects may  notdisappear for a considerable distance downstream. It  is insignificant in case of  laminar flow. The pressure drop through valves and fittings is generallyexpressed in terms of the liquid kinetic energy V2/2g multiplied by a head loss coefficient K. Comparing this with the Darcy-Weisbach equation for head loss in a pipe, we can see the following analogy. For a straight pipe, the head loss h is V2/2g multiplied by the factor (fL/D). Thus, the head loss coefficient for a straight pipe is fL/D. Therefore, the pressure drop in a valve or fitting is calculated as follows: h=K(V^2)/2g Where, h=Head loss due to valve or fitting, ft K=Head loss coefficient for the valve or fitting, dimensionless V=Velocity of liquid through valve or fitting, ft/s g=Acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 ft/s2 in English units The head loss coefficient K is, for a given flow geometry, considered practically constant at high Reynolds number. K increases with pipe roughness and with lower Reynolds numbers. In general the value of K is determined mainly by the flow geometry or by the shape of the pressureloss device. Minor loss is generally expressed in one of  the two ways In terms of minor loss factor K. In terms length, equivalent to a  certain length of straight pipe, usuallyexpressed in terms of number of pipe diameter. The minor losses for our system are calculated and result in a very low value and can easily be neglected. Reynolds Number Flow in a liquid pipeline may be smooth, laminar flow, also known as viscous or streamline flow. In this type of flow the liquid flows in layers or laminations without causing eddies or turbulence. But as the velocity increases the flow changes from laminar to turbulent with eddies and turbulences. The important parameter used in classifying the type of flow in the pipe is called Reynolds Number. Reynolds number gives us the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and is used to determine the nature of flow using the recommended velocity and the internal diameter. Reynolds number is given by Re = à Ã‚ VD/ µ Flow through pipes is classified into three main flow regimes and depending upon the Reynolds number, flow through pipes will fall in one of the following three flow regimes. 1. Laminar flow: R 2. Critical flow: R>2000 and R 3. Turbulent flow: R>4000 Friction Factor Friction Factor is a dimensionless number required to calculate the pressure losses in the pipe. Tests have shown that f is dependent upon Reynolds number and relative roughness of the pipe. Relative roughness is ratio of absolute pipe wall roughness ÃŽÂ µ to the pipe diameter D. For laminar flow, with Reynolds number R f=64/R For laminar flow the friction factor depends only on the Reynolds number and is independent of the internal condition of the pipe. Thus, regardless of whether the pipe is smooth or rough, the friction factor for laminar flow is a number that varies inversely with the Reynolds number. For turbulent flow, when the Reynolds number R>4000, the friction factor f depends not only on R but also on the internal roughness of the pipe. As the pipe roughness increases, so does the friction factor. Therefore, smooth pipes have a smaller friction factor compared with rough pipes. More importantly, friction factor depends on the relative roughness (ÃŽÂ µ/D) rather than the absolute pipe roughness ÃŽÂ µ. In the turbulent region it can be calculated using either the Colebrook-White equation or the Moody Diagram. Colebrook-White Equation The Colebrook equation is an implicit equation that combines experimental results of studies of turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipe The Colebrook equation is given as: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log((ÃŽÂ µ/3.7D)+(2.51/Reà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f)) But the turbulent flow region (R>4000) consists of three separate regions: Turbulent flow in smooth pipes Turbulent flow in fully rough pipes Transition flow between smooth and rough pipes For turbulent flow in smooth pipes, pipe roughness has a negligible effect on the friction factor. Therefore, the friction factor in this region depends only on the Reynolds number as follows: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log(2.51/Reà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f) For turbulent flow in fully rough pipes, the friction factor f appears to be less dependent on the Reynolds number as the latter increases in magnitude. It depends only on the pipe roughness and diameter. It can be calculated from the following equation: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log((ÃŽÂ µ/3.7D) For the transition region between turbulent flow in smooth pipes and turbulent flow in fully rough pipes, the friction factor f is calculated using the Colebrook-White equation given above: 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f = -2log((ÃŽÂ µ/3.7D)+(2.51/Reà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡f)) Moody Diagram The Colebrook equation is an implicit equation and requires trial and error method to calculate f.To provide the ease for calculating f scientists and researchers developed a graphical method known as Moody diagram.The Moody chart or Moody diagramis a graph that relates the friction factor, Reynolds number and relative roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe.In the diagram friction factor is plotted verses Reynolds number. The curves are plotted using the experimental data. The Moody diagram represents the complete friction factor map for laminar and all turbulent regions of pipe flows. To use the Moody diagram for determining the friction factor f we first calculate the Reynolds number R for the flow. Next, we find the location on the horizontal axis of Reynolds number for the value of R and draw a vertical line that intersects with the appropriate relative roughness (e/D) curve. From this point of intersection on the (e/D) curve, we read the value of the friction factor f on the vertical axis on the left. Other Pressure Drop Relations Hazen-Williams Equation The Hazen-Williams equation is commonly used in the design of waterdistribution lines and in the calculation of frictional pressure drop inrefined petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel. This methodinvolves the use of the Hazen-Williams C-factor instead of pipe roughnessor liquid viscosity. The pressure drop calculation using the Hazen-Williams equation takes into account flow rate, pipe diameter, and specificgravity as follows: h=4.73L(Q/C)1.852/D4.87 Where, h=Head loss due to friction, ft L=Pipe length, ft D=Pipe internal diameter, ft Q=Flow rate, ft3/s C=Hazen-Williams coefficient or C-factor, dimensionless In customary pipeline units, the Hazen-Williams equation can berewritten as follows in English units: Q=0.1482(C)(D)2.63 (Pm/Sg)0.54 Where, Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. Pm=Frictional pressure drop, psi/mile Sg=Liquid specific gravity Another form of Hazen-Williams equation, when the flow rate is in gal/ min and head loss is measured in feet of liquid per thousand feet of pipe is as follows: GPM=6.7547ÃÆ'-10-3(C)(D)2.63(HL)0.54 Where, GPM=Flow rate, gal/min HL=Friction loss, ft of liquid per 1000 ft of pipe In SI units, the Hazen-Williams equation is as follows: Q=9.0379ÃÆ'-10-8(C)(D)2.63(Pkm/Sg)0.54 Where, Q=Flow rate, m3/hr D=Pipe internal diameter, mm Pkm=Frictional pressure drop, kPa/km Sg=Liquid specific gravity Shell-MIT Equation The Shell-MIT equation, sometimes called the MIT equation, is used in the calculation of pressure drop in heavy crude oil and heated liquid pipelines. Using this method, a modified Reynolds number Rm iscalculated first from the Reynolds number as follows: R=92.24(Q)/(DÃŽÂ ½) Rm=R/(7742) Where, R=Reynolds number, dimensionless Rm=Modified Reynolds number, dimensionless Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. ÃŽÂ ½=Kinematic viscosity, cSt Than depending on the flow (laminar or turbulent), the friction factor is calculated from one of the following equations: f=0.00207/Rm (laminar flow) f=0.0018+0.00662(1/Rm)0.355 (turbulent flow) Finally, the pressure drop due to friction is calculated using theequation Pm=0.241(f SgQ2)/D5 Where, Pm=Frictional pressure drop, psi/mile f=Friction factor, dimensionless Sg=Liquid specific gravity Q=Flow rate, bbl/day D=Pipe internal diameter, in. In SI units the MIT equation is expressed as follows: Pm=6.2191ÃÆ'-1010(f SgQ2)/D5 Where, Pm=Frictional pressure drop, kPa/km f=Friction factor, dimensionless Sg=Liquid specific gravity Q=Flow rate, m3/hr D=Pipe internal diameter, mm

Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs :: Psychology Sociology Maslow Essays

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow is known for establishing the theory of a hierarchy of needs, writing that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. Maslow studied exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglas rather than mentally ill or neurotic people. This was a radical departure from two of the chief schools of psychology of his day: Freud and B.F. Skinner. Freud saw little difference between the motivations of humans and animals. We are supposedly rational beings; however, we do not act that way. Such pessimism, Maslow believed, was the result of Freud's study of mentally ill people. "The study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy" (Motivation and Personality). Skinner, on the other hand, studied how pigeons and white rats learn. His motivational models were based on simple rewards such as food and water, sex, and avoidance of pain. Say "sit" to your dog and give the dog a treat when it sits, and-after several repetitions--the dog will sit when you command it to do so. Maslow thought that psychologists should instead study the playfulness, affection, etc., of animals. He also believed that Skinner discounted things that make humans different from each other. Instead, Skinner relied on statistical descriptions of people. Maslow's hierarchy of needs was an alternative to the depressing determinism of Freud and Skinner. He felt that people are basically trustworthy, self-protecting, and self-governing. Humans tend toward growth and love. Although there is a continuous cycle of human wars, murder, deceit, etc., he believed that violence is not what human nature is meant to be like. Violence and other evils occur when human needs are thwarted. In other words, people who are deprived of lower needs such as safety may defend themselves by violent means. He did not believe that humans are violent because they enjoy violence. Or that they lie, cheat, and steal because they enjoy doing it. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological, safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs "deficiency needs." As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward self-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy; blocking gratification makes us sick or evil. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs :: Psychology Sociology Maslow Essays Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow is known for establishing the theory of a hierarchy of needs, writing that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. Maslow studied exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglas rather than mentally ill or neurotic people. This was a radical departure from two of the chief schools of psychology of his day: Freud and B.F. Skinner. Freud saw little difference between the motivations of humans and animals. We are supposedly rational beings; however, we do not act that way. Such pessimism, Maslow believed, was the result of Freud's study of mentally ill people. "The study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy" (Motivation and Personality). Skinner, on the other hand, studied how pigeons and white rats learn. His motivational models were based on simple rewards such as food and water, sex, and avoidance of pain. Say "sit" to your dog and give the dog a treat when it sits, and-after several repetitions--the dog will sit when you command it to do so. Maslow thought that psychologists should instead study the playfulness, affection, etc., of animals. He also believed that Skinner discounted things that make humans different from each other. Instead, Skinner relied on statistical descriptions of people. Maslow's hierarchy of needs was an alternative to the depressing determinism of Freud and Skinner. He felt that people are basically trustworthy, self-protecting, and self-governing. Humans tend toward growth and love. Although there is a continuous cycle of human wars, murder, deceit, etc., he believed that violence is not what human nature is meant to be like. Violence and other evils occur when human needs are thwarted. In other words, people who are deprived of lower needs such as safety may defend themselves by violent means. He did not believe that humans are violent because they enjoy violence. Or that they lie, cheat, and steal because they enjoy doing it. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological, safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs "deficiency needs." As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward self-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy; blocking gratification makes us sick or evil.

D1 Business Environment

British Airways stakeholders. Those indivivals who have interest to BA operations are BA’s stakeholders, or any individuals whose action can affect BA’s operation can be stakeholders of British Airways. Stake holder can be either internal or external. Internal stakeholders: are those who are involved with business internally for example owners, shareholders, managers and employees. External Stakeholders: are those who are involved in business externally for example customers, suppliers, local community and government. Owner: Since BA is public Limited Company so it belongs to its share holders. More control goes to that individual who has big share in the company so share holder have a major influence in directing and managing the company as well selecting the board of directors who run the company and set the goals and strategic planes. Every share is marketed in stock exchange market so BA’s share ranges from small to big values. Therefore Shareholder wants their share to be valued higher and higher so, they can sell their shares in better prices if the company is in better economical condition. Shareholders and owners can facilitate and bring more high quality services by putting more money in the company; buying fuel efficient Air planes, investing in high tech technology, employing experienced and qualified managers can bring development in overall functionality of BA. In addition to this, ordering planes like dream liner Boeing 787 by owners of BA would attract and bring glory and reputation to BA. Furthermore investing on fuel efficient planes, on one hand has profit to environment and on the other hand it reduces the expenses of fuel and consequently fares will go down by 20 % as result there will be more customers and more profit to the company and its shareholders. Moreover every measure in which there is intention either to upgrade the company or to down grade the company has its massive impact on the overall function of business by owners. BA owners can select a hard working, honest and reliable directors on the annual general meeting so having an experienced and full of energy board of director can bring a prosperity and achievement to the company as chief executive of BA, Willie Walsh, told the Tories they would make a big mistake if blocking the third runway, we can see that a chief executive is arguing and want to win the argument in will of BA. Employees: are those who are internally and in some extent externally associated with BA. Because we say externally, that local community some time supply the employees of a company. Employees like managers, pilots, flight attendants, IT workers, engineers and etc need a better working condition, secure jobs, suitable salaries, friendly environment from BA. In addition to this employees should be valued by the BA in order to get best result from them. But in return the employees should be hard working, enthusiastic, and polite with the customers, dedicated, committed and looking after BA’s prosperity and well being. If the BA is prosperous and rich they will receive good rewards and salaries. If the BA is not doing well in the term of service which being offered to its customers as a result the company going to lose its fame and credibility and will not be able to support itself and its employees. AS we saw last year, that as result of industrial action by cabin crew which was supported by trade union made a loss of ? 510 million to the BA to which BA . n the other hand employees should be committed , dedicated and they must try their best to follow those rules in which BA’s objectives are set . additionally employees play a major role in progression of the day to day operation of the company by being committed and enthusiastic in what they are employed to . Having hard working and dedicated employees will take the BA toward the success and prosperity in contrast lazy and time killing employee will make losses not only for company but also for himself. So having dedicated employees can going to change the company’s reputation and the way how it develops toward a better condition for example the cabin crew industrial action was taken and made a big loss to BA , if they had not taken that action the BA would not have made that much loss as result of action . Customers: are external stakeholders of the BA, they play a big role by paying to receive services from BA. They want quality services, high standard and effective performance and they wants to be valued by the BA employees during the services being provided by BA. Furthermore customer needs reasonable prices along with quality and effective services, because the British people are so critic and fault finder of services which is being provide by companies. The customer feedback is very important to BA , it should be considered critically regarding the quality of food, quality of services during a flight . The way stewards are behaving with passengers all hese affaires going to be feed backed by the customers as result of all this if the company give a quality and effective services according to customers wish and will so the customers will be again and again with BA ,if the services are poor and short of quality and effectiveness so they will never return to BA any more . as we can see and assess that all BA’s revenues come from its customers through services ranging from cargo to i ndividuals which is being transferred therefore the customers are integral and base part of BA’s stakeholders . I am a regular and multi traveller with Qatar Airways as I have seen high quality hospitality and services during the flights beside cheap prices that every time they give me offers . consequently I am a regular and potential customer of Qatar Airways so in the same way every single customer needs and wants same like me, cheap price and good services. Every action and feedback of the customers going to change the way and performance of the company. The more customers are happy the more money and prosperity going to come to BA, so every action of the customers have its considerable effect on the business. Happy customers mean good business and more profit distressed and unsatisfied customers mean that the company is not doing well it should reconsider about its operation and performance. Suppliers: Can be external stakeholders who provide what the company needs for its routine operation. Suppliers play an impressive role in overall performance of BA operation by providing Planes on which passengers being carried to tissues which are being used to clean and wipe onboard. All of these materials are being supplied and procured by suppliers along with coordination and procurement of BA. As BA has saying that every year a total of ? 5. 2 billion is purchased goods and services from its suppliers. BA is determined to make a stronger relationship with its supplier as well as compromise with them on the payment and trade credit. The more time for trade credit is prolonged the more BA is convenient and determined to pay its supplier enough cash. As BA ‘s CEO said in the chartered institute of purchasing and supply in London â€Å" Close co-operation between British Airways and its key suppliers will be vital in helping the airline to weather the economic storm. He emphasized on finding the new opportunity to seek cost reduction and cost efficiency ways with suppliers. As, BA has introduced some tough measures to its strategic suppliers in recent economic downturn. Now BA and its suppliers are supporting each other by introducing cost efficiency and price reduction scheme , but there would be no change in services ,which BA provide for the people . BA and its suppl ier have come to a term on how to eliminate wastes, improve efficiency and ways to find how to run business smoothly by coordinating within suppliers and BA. The major suppliers who supply the fuel, engines have pledged to reconsider about tier prices in the tough economic recession and its good news for BA. Now a day BA is looking for other alternative fuel like bio fuels with engine suppliers but predicted slow progress. Suppliers need prompt payment as long as there logistical package is delivered or services provided and they want extended contracts and new offer. In addition giving value for supplier might bring more coherence relation between BT and its suppliers. Trade Union: is an organization which supports the employees in terms of better working condition, hiring, firing, payments through bargaining by its leadership on behalf of employees by employers. In UK trade unions supply the workforce, skilled and qualified individuals to companies. For example the pilots, stewards ,engineers and other staff who are necessary for operation of BA is being provided and introduced by Trade Unions , so whatever comes to BA employees in term of salaries , working hours ,firing ,redundancies, job cuts and pensions Trade unions will take decision against BA’s action regarding the employees. Trade unions made an election on which to find that who is going to vote for industrial action and who going to vote for strike, in long and puzzling negotiation between cabin crew, Trade Unions and BA officials finally they voted for a strike . As Consequence the BA revealed a steep loss for the April to June quarter after being hit by cabin crew strikes. Additionally the greatest losses come to BA as result of industrial action which was taken by staff. Finally the figures put the amount of money which BA has incurred as result of strikes and industrial actions cost it ? 44-191 million. For all this reasons Trade Unions has its own influence over the function and operation of the BA business as stakeholder. The above issues which happened on the verge of Ester brought some bad reputation for BA as well as lost some of its credibility among the people who would book for holidays, so BA would have suffered having lost its customers to rival carriers beside being hardly hit by loss of millions as result of strikes and actions by Unions. Government: is an important external stakeholder of BA whose actions and decisions will bring some changes, which will be very useful but some time it can be very destructive for the BA and other companies as well. For instance putting flight bans on UK’s territory as result of ash cloud in which BA incurred an amount of ? 50 million each day. As result even The British Pilot Association called on the government to give a banking system bail out for the BA Company which is in verge of recovery from recession. 50 million loss a day had destructive impact on the economy of BA as result of government decision putting ban on domestic as well as international flights as due to ash clouds from Icelandic volcano on 2010. On July of 2007 BA had struggle with government over single-bag rule which put in place to prevent passengers especially those who wanted to land in Heathrow as transit passenger from carrying more than one bag which was very unfavourable and disliked by many passeng er and made unattractive Heathrow airport for many visitors . As a result the head of BA and its shareholder in AGM criticised the government policy which was a hinder over the way of BA and reduced the number of the passenger and visitor as result. UK government wants a blooming and blooming BA so that to be able to survive, develop and employ more people, pay taxes and carry the flag of the UK to all over the world. Having a successful and flourish BA going to contribute economically to government and gentle governments economical policy will be in favour of BA. Local communities: are the external stakeholders as well as internal because the employees can be local community . ocal community play a major role in the function and operation of a business. Local community supply the business with labour force and some time local community support the businesses in tough times but some time there have been rows and disputes between local community and businesses, as it has been running since a long time between BA and those who are opposing agains t building of third runway in Heathrow. The groups who are against the third runway are Local community, naked bike riders, and NO TRAGE and green energy supporters. The Labour government wanted the third runway to be constructed to boost the economy by accommodating more flights and attracting more transit flights which are crossing Atlantic for American countries. All anti runway campaigners has been supported by local residents who were under flight path and more vulnerable to the consequences from flights. There is more flights in the London sky people doing want their sky criss-crossed by aircrafts and they say there was nearly a plane collision over the Londoners and human disaster and mid-air collision would have caused carnage in the capital. Even Willie Walsh BA’s CEO attacked on the Tories blaming them that they would make their biggest ever mistake by not allowing the third runway to be build but Tories opposed against the third runway as well and saying that the third runway is a horrendous price for the environment. Even though Walsh explained that major businesses like to be connected more efficiently but his opinion was reused by the Tories. As we can see that Local Community has more influence on the business For Example Extraction of third runway by BA and labour government was opposed by Local residents as well as other groups in order to have a good climate and environment. So if the local community had allowed the BA or BBA to build another runway there would have been more flights, more jobs for jobs for the people , more planes would have been ordered for suppliers , more planes would have landed and more and more profit would have gone to BA so in this case BA would have paid more taxes . But Local community along other groups opposed the scheme and no one made the runway there is no job, no flights and no money ,but in return people have nice environment they enjoy living in the vicinity of airport and no longer have fear of bad environment and plane crashes. BY supporting no to third runway campaigners Tories won the attracted more supporter from people who were against the theory.

How Do We Know Something Is True in the Arts and Science Essay

Hey Jamie! I’ve been wondering for a while now how you can really know if something in art or natural sciences is true.? I mean when you look at a piece of art or let’s say the way atoms connect with each other, or how the gravity works, how do you know it’s all true? Obviously there are laws that are connected with these things, however how can you be sure if what the law states is true? Jamie:You’re pretty much right about that, but I think it’s not about the truth for now – first there should be some kind of idea or a belief, before it can be confirmed, right? I mean, for instance Newton came up with the idea of gravity when an apple fell on his head, remember? It made him think about it more and more until the conception of some kind of force that affects everything on Earth popped into his mind, but I don’t think art works the same way†¦ Molly:Right†¦ Art’s totally different thing. Natural science have some rules they work with, even though there probably are some we still don’t know about, however we can notice something that happens the certain way. The rules are true. Well – people, or rather scientists claim so, but they are based on long-term observation and other research, right? Jamie:Right! If someone is absolutely certain that something is true, is it because this is the way he sees it or seeing it equals believing it is true? Molly:Well†¦ That’s a good question. I’ve heard that there are some ways to know that something is true – like I’ve mentioned before, observation, or rather a sense of perception, is one of them, but there is also reason and language that suggests people which is the objective, factual or relative truth. It’s more connected with natural sciences, however when it comes to art the way one can tell something is true is slightly different. Jamie:How so? I mean†¦ I don’t get what your point is. Molly:Look, if you have a piece of art, let’s say a picture of a battle, okay? The one who painted it, probably had some kind of knowledge about the battle he was drawing, right? Jamie:I think so†¦ Molly:So, let’s say, there is a person the picture revolves around, some kind of great figure, a king or other known man. The author of the painting wanted to show ordinary people the greatness of the person he pictured in the centre of his work. And there is a big chance that the person who’ll look at this exact piece of art, will think ‘Oh, that man was so great. ’, but how can he or she know it is true that he was as ‘great’ as the author portrayed him? Then, we could take a work of another author, the same battle, and there will be no person who will attract your attention at first, just the way the battle looked like, dead people, blood on the ground and other realistic fragments. If I was the one comparing these two pictures, I’d get a feeling that the first artist suggested the greatness of the man he portrayed because he was paid or had to do so, while the second one would be more true to me, because it would probably show the facts at some point. Jamie:Oh I see what you mean now! Hmm†¦ I have a feeling that in the end art and natural science are somehow connected when it comes to knowing the truth! Molly:†¦ Okay, now you got me confused. How can they be connected? Explain? Jamie:Oh look! If you take our chemistry book, you’ll find there all kinds of described experiments, right? However it is rare to find the outcomes of these experiments in the book. Molly:Yeah†¦? Jamie:And when you listen to your chemistry teacher, and he’ll tell you before you do the experiment that the product of the reaction should smell the certain way, as let’s say†¦ Hydro-sulfuric acid smells like rotten eggs. After finishing your research and experiment you would probably note that the smell of the acid was of rotten eggs, because this is what has been suggested by your teacher, right? Molly:Oh, now I see how it’s connected to art. Some kind of statement can be suggested to you and you are very likely to believe it, however, then you could find some other research that declines what your teacher claimed or that the guy portrayed in the picture was great. Jamie:Yes! Exactly! But then there arises a new question. Molly:Huh? What question? Jamie:Can we be sure of what people claim to be true to be actually true? Molly:Right†¦ In the end I think we are should stick to the rules that have been stated in the past, because they seem to be true, however after you said that†¦ I’m starting to doubt everything I know! Jamie:Sorry for that! Didn’t want to make you confused! Molly:No, it was actually pretty interesting! Jamie:Yup! But I think we can never be in 100% sure of what is true when it comes to art and natural science. Molly:Yeah, totally agree with you on this one.

Skyscraper Architect William Le Baron Jenney

Skyscraper Architect William Le Baron Jenney Famous for his large commercial buildings, William LeBaron Jenney helped launch the Chicago School of architecture and pioneered skyscraper design. Background: Born: September 25, 1832 in Fairhaven, Massachusetts Died: June 15, 1907 Education: Studied engineering at Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University1853-1856: Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Paris, France Important Projects: 1868: Col James H. Bowen House, Hyde Park, Illinois1871: West Park System, Chicago1871: Riverside Water Tower, Riverside Community, Illinois1879: Leiter Building (First), Chicago (Demolished in 1972)1885: Home Insurance Building, Chicago (Demolished in 1931)1891: Second Leiter Building (Sears, Roebuck Building), Chicago1891: Ludington Building, Chicago1891: Manhattan Building, Chicago1893: Horticultural Building, Worlds Columbian Exposition, Chicago Related People: Note that except for Olmsted, Jenney (1832-1907) was about 15 to 20 years older than these other influential architects and planners. Part of Jenneys importance in architectural history- an element of every architects legacy- is his mentorship of others. Louis Sullivan (1856-1924)Daniel H. Burnham (1846-1912)William Holabird (1854-1923)Cass Gilbert (1859-1934)Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903) Jenneys Early Years: Born into a family of New England ship owners, William Le Baron Jenney grew up to become a teacher,   engineer, landscape planner, and pioneer of building technologies. During the Civil War he and fellow New Englander Frederick Law Olmsted helped engineer better sanitary conditions for the Northern troops, an experience that would shape most all of his future work. By 1868, Jenney was a practicing architect designing private homes and Chicago parks. One of his first commissions was interconnected parks- known today as Humboldt, Garfield, and Douglas parks- designed in the manner of what his friend Olmsted was doing. Working in Chicago, Jenney designed West Parks, where tree-lined boulevards connect an extensive system of connecting parks. Jenneys residential architecture was similarly designed, as a series of interconnected rooms within an open floor plan- free, roaming, and connected like the West Park System. The Swiss Chalet style Bowen house is a good example of this type of ar chitecture, which was later popularized by Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). In addition to his building designs, Jenney made a name for himself as a town planner. With Olmsted and Vaux, he helped create the plan for Riverside, Illinois. Jenneys Most Important Contributions: Jenneys greatest fame came from his large commercial buildings. His 1879 Leiter building was an experiment in engineering, using the popular cast iron and masonry to support large exterior openings filled with glass. Again, natural light was as important an element in Jenneys tall buildings as it was in his designs of park systems. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago was one of the first buildings to use a new metal, steel, as a   skeleton for support. It became the standard for American skyscraper design. Jenneys skeleton-frame Manhattan Building was the first to achieve a height of 16 stories. His Horticultural Building was the largest botanical conservatory ever built. Student draftsmen who learned from Jenney included Daniel H. Burnham, Louis Sullivan, and William Holabird. For this reason, Jenney is considered the founder of the Chicago School of architecture, and perhaps the father of the American skyscraper. Learn More: Chicago Skyscrapers, 1871-1934 by Thomas Leslie, University of Illinois Press, 2013The Chicago School of Architecture by Carl W. Condit, University of Chicago Press, 1998 Sources: William Le Baron Jenney by Theodore Turak, Master Builders, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Wiley, 1985, pp. 98-99; The City in a Garden, Chicago Park District at www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/history/city-in-a-garden/west-park-system/ [accessed May 12, 2016]

Ty Cobb Diary

Ty Cobb Diary June 18, 1901: Dear Diary, The starting shortstop for the Reds was injured so the Reds called me up from the Rompers to play for them. I played one of my best games ever. At shortstop I was flawless and at bat I collected 3 hits. Most of the people I play with are about 5 to 10 years older than me but its still fun. The team said I would be their starting shortstop and never have to play for the Rompers again.August 10, 1905: Dear Diary, I just arrived in Royston, Georgia to hear that father was dead from a shotgun blast and mother is facing arrest for involuntary manslaughter. I am in a state of shock now. The newspapers are saying that the shooting was by accident but I can never trust my mom again. I am now determined to play to perfection with the Detroit Tigers and to be the best of the best.Babe Ruth and Ty CobbMarch 10, 1908: Dear Diary, After receiving my contract from Navin, the Detroit Tigers manager, for $3,000 I refused to play. Instead I decided to talk face to face with Navin for the Detroit Tigers contract. Finally, Navin and I agreed on a contract after about 2 hours of arguing about it. He would pay me $4,000 for one year. It wasn't exactly the $5,000 a year for 3 years deal i wanted but I was satisfied. He told me if my batting average was over 300 he would pay me an $800 bonus. Including the bonus, the deal was $200 less than I was shooting for.January 30, 1911: Dear Diary, We just had our first son. Charlotte, my wife, named him Tyrus Raymond Jr. after me. He is super cute and mom says he looks just like me. Charlotte...

How Mother Nature Became the Inspiration Behind Velcro

How Mother Nature Became the Inspiration Behind Velcro Before the middle of 20th century, people lived in a Velcro-less world where zippers were standard and shoes had to be laced. All that changed though on one lovely summer day in 1941 when an amateur mountaineer and inventor named  George de Mestral  decided to take his dog for a nature hike. De Mestral and his faithful companion both returned home covered with burrs, the plant seed-sacs that clung to animal fur as a way to spread to fertile new planting grounds. He noticed his dog was covered in the stuff. De Mestral was a Swiss engineer who was naturally curious so he took a sample of the many burrs stuck to his pants and placed them under his microscope to see how the properties of the burdock plant allowed it stick to certain surfaces. Perhaps, he thought, they can be used for something useful. Upon closer examination, it was the small hooks that enabled the seed-bearing burr to cling so stubbornly to the tiny loops in the fabric of his pants. It as during this eureka moment that  De Mestral smiled and thought something along the lines of I will design a unique, two-sided fastener, one side with stiff hooks like the burrs and the other side with soft loops like the fabric of my pants. I will call my invention velcro a combination of the word velour and crochet. It will rival the  zipper  in its ability to fasten. De Mestrals idea was met with resistance and even laughter, but the inventor was undeterred. He worked with a weaver from a textile plant in France to perfect a fastener by experimenting with materials that would hook and loop in a similar manner. Through trial and error, he realized that nylon when sewn under infrared light formed tough hooks for the burr side of the fastener. The discovery led to a completed design that he patented in 1955. He would eventually form Velcro Industries to manufacture and distribute his invention. In the 1960s, Velcro fasteners made its way to outer space as Apollo astronauts wore them to keep items like pens and equipment from floating away while in zero-gravity. In time, the product became kind of a household name as companies like Puma used them in shoes to replace laces. Shoe makers Adidas and Reebok would soon follow. During de Mastral’s lifetime, his company sold an average of over 60 million yards of Velcro per year. Not bad for an invention inspired by mother nature. Today you can’t technically buy velcro because the name is the registered trademark for the Velcro Industries product, but you can have all the velcro brand hook and loop fasteners you need. This distinction was done on purpose and illustrates a problem inventors often face. Many words used frequently in everyday language were once trademarks, but eventually become generic terms. Well-known examples include  escalator, thermos, cellophane and nylon. The problem is that once trademarked names becomes commonplace enough, the U.S. Courts can deny exclusive rights to the trademark.

Goal setting for college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Goal setting for college - Essay Example Mainly, these small or short duration targets act as motivating aspects and reminder of long-term accomplishments in the future, for instance, career (Van, 2012). It is a meticulous self-evaluation and comparison against any set targets, which an individual intends to commit oneself in attaining them. Mainly, this entails an individual recognizing his or her fallibility and devising effective strategies meant to attain what one desires (Van, 2012). It is the way of questioning the obvious or humanity’s conventional way of thinking and brainstorming with an intention of coming up with new perspectives meant to attain a set target (Halonen & Santrock, 2013). This allows an individual to develop numerous perspectives whose core purpose is to meet their goals (Halonen & Santrock, 2013). This is a belief of an individual that basic abilities develop through commitment. Therefore, challenges or failures usually avail an individual chances to learn from own mistakes and rectify them with an intention of repositioning themselves to reach high heights. The process entails addressing all underlying concerns that may prompt an individual fail to attain his or her potential. Hence, enable one to operate from a â€Å"logical thinking mode† instead of emotional. Accomplishing of any goal entails one to prepare effectively and as necessitated. This encompasses proper goals’ setting besides meticulous scrutiny of oneself with the intention of developing a strong growth mindset. This knowhow will help me to plan and attain my set targets with ease, hence become successful in life. Since, I will be able to plan well and even utilize the acquired skills from this exercise to succeed almost in all

Cooperative Marketing of Global gadgets imports Research Paper

Cooperative Marketing of Global gadgets imports - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the definition of cooperative marketing as an advertising and promotional program whereby manufacturers or a distributor supports the marketing efforts of both businesses. It can also be used by multiple businesses looking to pool their resources to avoid being overburdened with costs for advertising and promotion. In addition, it is collaborative effort of two or more companies that come and work together in advertising and promotional efforts in order to reach a common goal. Cooperative marketing is ideal for Global gadgets imports. There are great values that come along with cooperative marketing. One of the great values that come along cooperative advertisement is that the cost of advertising will be greatly reduced. This happens when the partnering businesses come together and contribute towards the advertising and promotion of the product. This only happens when the businesses have the same interest. The cost will be cheaper in the end and in the s hort run for both businesses and the individual offices. The other great value that the businesses will derive is the benefit from a larger discount commonly known as trade discount. Another value of cooperative advertising is that the businesses will benefit from the risks involved. This will happen when businesses pool the risks and share them. This can happen when the distributing company tries to explain to its retailors the cause of a particular hitch resulting from the manufacturer. (West, 2008). There are a number of challenges that global gadgets imports needs to address when approaching a cooperative marketing situation. Cooperative marketing has guidelines that both companies must have similar targets. They should therefore, have same ideas, promotions, and cash in order to partner. The marketing intention should serve both companies accurately and effectively, since both brands wants to be conducting this effort. The element of trust is very essential in cooperative marke ting and has to be taken into consideration. Therefore, information sharing must be respected. Global gadgets imports should engage in cooperative marketing in various ways. One of these methods is through distribution. A retailor company can engage in cooperative marketing when the business being carried out involves the distribution to other retailors or distributors. In this way, Global gadgets imports will be involved and will gain greater geographical outreach to the various customers in the world. It will also help in creating awareness of these products in the market. The other way that Global gadgets imports can engage in cooperative marketing is through imaging. This helps to create awareness through consumer learning, overall product information, or focus on the product industry. This method also helps in establishing a positive outline of the goods of both companies in the minds of consumers and other related companies. This also helps to eliminate the negative media, joi ntly promotes the businesses products and may give lessons on the sternness of several problems that may be caused by occurrence impurity or product glitches (William, 2007). Differently, Global gadgets imports can engage in cooperative marketing through packaging. This is done through product packaging of the individual business products for product consistency. This helps in giving out a cohesive look and increase market influence. The packaging strategy can be done by implementing a standard base packaging for the partnership businesses products. Such kind of packaging should help eliminate transportation damage that occurs and establish a freshness look of the products. However, the packaging should be different from the parents company to help eliminate risks such as product substitution. In addition, Global Gadgets Imports should create a marketing team that tries to understand how their target market lives and understand their lifestyle. In carrying out this strategy, Global Gadgets Imports does necessarily have to promote a specific product, but the label acknowledgment should be

Strategic Corporate Finance( case study) Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Corporate Finance( ) - Case Study Example The company prices have experienced a steep fall in prices. The assets might be highly overvalued in the markets. However, to give some relief, the shareholders equity is twice that of the number of shares that have been floated in the market. The fall in profits has also contributed to a fall in the NAV per share figures. The WACC is a reflection of company’s cost of taking funds from equity and debt sources. Each source of finance has been provided with the respective weights and in the present situation; the equity weighs more than the debts in the WACC formula. This means that the company is operating with high levels of equity finance and can undertake expansionary opportunities based on the scope for developing debt finance. The WACC represents the investor’s risk of taking in the particular investment. The company’s WACC is 3.63% and it very low representing opportunities for investors to invest into the company. The average price earnings ratio of the retail industry is prevailing at 15 while for Morrison’s, the P/E ratios remains around 2. This implies that the company is operating at very low profit scales. The industry is performing greater and Morrison’s profits earnings are far below industry average. However, this is relative to the number of shares floated by the company. In relation to the equity base, the company is operating with very low profit margins and needs to scale up its revenues in order to remain competitive within the industry. The value of Morrison’s share derived by way of the dividend growth model can be estimated by dividing the dividend declared for next year by the cost of equity. In this case, the share price stands at This price is much lower than the prevailing market price of Morrison’s share in the markets. The present market price for company’s share is operating at GBP 196 per stock. The company has seen a huge fall in share prices from GBP 357 to GBP 196 in the 52 week scenario. The

Vendoline Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Vendoline Company - Case Study Example The management of the organization has invested in excellent service delivery and innovation in meeting the consumer demands. The company is located in Turkey and has a national and international presence in sections of Middle East and Europe. The company is valued at $393, 338. It has a traffic rank of over 500,000 in Europe. As a service provider, Vendoline Company has determined what the consumers expect. The top level management has been investing in real-time access of customers to information like prices and terms of delivery. My role was to ensure that web hosting management systems were functional and effective. I was coordinating a team of IT experts who were had direct contacts with customers. This enabled me to assess the effectiveness of the organizational management practices and systems in the company. Problem statement How can organizational performance in technology-based organizations be enhanced? Technological companies are faced by the challenge of rapidly changing external environments. The management has focused on external competition and environment and failed to invest in the internal competencies of the organization. This has compromised excellence in service delivery. There is a need to research on the factors that affect quality and organizational performance in technology based organizations.... Modern organizations are directly connected to technological systems that affect their performance and appeal to the clients (Andres, 2001). The company has strategic plans to increase reliance on technological innovations in future. Organizations face resistance to change from employees. Technological organizations must be flexible while implementing models. Globalization is forcing many technological organizations to keep reviewing their strategies (Gouge, 2003). This aims at enhancing the capacity of innovations in a bid to remain relevant and competitive in a technologically driven market (Cameron & Green, 2004). The field of technology is advancing as more efficient and powerful discoveries enter the market. Organizations dealing with technological matters are faced with bigger pressure than the rest (Rapp, 2002). The reason is occasioned by the need to upgrade the technological capabilities and remain competitive. On the converse, the technological companies are faced by the th reat to become obsolete (Lennick & Kiel, 2005). The technological innovations are known to have a profound effect on the market. Organizational leadership must be professional, pro-active and visionary in order to keep the technological momentum and remain market leaders (Gouge, 2003). Technological organizations need strategic leadership and management. The management of technological organizations like Vendoline Company needs to either innovate internal technology that can alter the trends in the market. They can also procure external knowledge or expertise. This can happen through outsources or partnerships of strategic nature (Lennick & Kiel, 2005). Internal innovation for technological companies is preferable

Does mandating nurse-patient ratios improve care Coursework

Does mandating nurse-patient ratios improve care - Coursework Example ult, experts in healthcare have argued that in order to better safety of patients and quality of care there needs to be a higher number of nurses so as to lower the nurse-to-patient ratio (NPR), which will ensure nurses have more time with patients, which will ensure quality care and assessment-which are contributing factors to enhancing quality and safety of care. The findings and debates around the ratio have already led to the development of legislation in some states and the publication of various researches, articles and papers on the same issue. This paper reviews various articles on this issue as covered in five academic databases accessed online using the following search words: â€Å"does mandating nurse-patient ratios improve care.† Title of Source, URL and author: The first work titled â€Å"The effect of nurse staffing on selected outcomes of care† is a 2008 publication found on the ProQuest online database. This piece of work can be viewed online at this Uniform Resource Locator (URL): https://online.cdu.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_19_1. The work is authored by Moh’d, Ali Saleh from The University of Wisconsin. The â€Å"ProQuest Dissertations and Theses† (PQDT) Database is under the ProQuest group of databases which hosts a wide array of European and American dissertations. The collection includes theses that date back to 1962, and dissertations that date back to 1861 to the current time. The database provides access to both old and most recent resources and is particularly resourceful for researchers because it offers access to information from various disciplines. The main objective of this database is to offer access to theses and dissertations from various disciplines to researchers and students in various fields. The source sampled from this database highlights issues that relate to the nurse-to-patient ratio. The major objective of the work was to cover a study that examined the influence of nurse staffing on job

Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response Paper - Essay Example According to Yallop, although the official cause of sudden death was disclosed by the Vatican as heart attack, he allegedly uncovered information that revealed otherwise. Apparently, it was theorized that the pope was allegedly poisoned for reasons that range from uncovering anomalies in running and operating the Vatican Bank; as well as in his bold planned to end strict prohibition in the use of artificial birth control, one of the firm Catholic dogmas conservatively retained through the years. The book comprised of seven chapters where the first six were presented to provide an effective overview of Albino Luciani’s background, the kind of man he truly is, and the alleged facts surrounding operating the Vatican Bank (Yallop, 2007). Chapter 5 was devoted to the pope’s 33 days as Pontiff and leading to the fateful night when he was allegedly poisoned. Yallop specifically inferred that six men (Marcincus, Villot, Calvi, Sindona, and Gelli) connived to orchestrate the pop e’s death, to wit: â€Å"I am equally convinced that one of these six men had, by the early evening of September 28th, 1978, already initiated a course of action to resolve the problems that Albino Luciani’s Papacy was posing. One of these men was at the very heart of a conspiracy that applied a uniquely Italian solution† (Yallop, 2007, p. xxiv). ... The contents were highly sensitive leaning towards suggesting the possibility of murder, connivance, and cover-ups within the strict confines of the Pope’s chamber – surely one of the most guarded global institutions given the authority and power relegated to the position occupying it. Likewise, the risks included tarnishing the writer’s reputation in case that his allegations were effectively proven wrong; as well as the reputation of the Vatican, the Catholic organization which Yallop alleged was filled with anomalous transactions and shielded from public scrutiny. Apparently, the effect of the risk taking endeavor by Yallop yielded beneficial and rewarding results for him in terms of generating as much as 6,000,000 copies sold of the book (Yallop, 2007). Despite the optimistic side of his risk-taking pursuit, he was criticized for the veracity, credibility and reliability in the contents of his writing. According to an article published in The Telegraph, Damia n Thomson’s review of Yallop’s writing indicated that â€Å"Rome dismissed his book as trash†¦ Then along came John Cornwell, an 'independent' author unsympathetic to the Vatican, who checked out Yallop's case. It crumbled into dust like an ancient parchment exposed to sunlight. The 'murder' of John Paul turned out to be just another conspiracy theory, glued together with innuendo and non sequiturs. Cornwell's book A Thief in the Night, which demonstrated that John Paul I had died of natural causes, left Yallop's theory looking jolly silly† (Thompson, 2007, pars. 1 & 2). In the most current article referring to the official statement on the cause of Pope

Does mandating nurse-patient ratios improve care Coursework

Does mandating nurse-patient ratios improve care - Coursework Example ult, experts in healthcare have argued that in order to better safety of patients and quality of care there needs to be a higher number of nurses so as to lower the nurse-to-patient ratio (NPR), which will ensure nurses have more time with patients, which will ensure quality care and assessment-which are contributing factors to enhancing quality and safety of care. The findings and debates around the ratio have already led to the development of legislation in some states and the publication of various researches, articles and papers on the same issue. This paper reviews various articles on this issue as covered in five academic databases accessed online using the following search words: â€Å"does mandating nurse-patient ratios improve care.† Title of Source, URL and author: The first work titled â€Å"The effect of nurse staffing on selected outcomes of care† is a 2008 publication found on the ProQuest online database. This piece of work can be viewed online at this Uniform Resource Locator (URL): https://online.cdu.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_19_1. The work is authored by Moh’d, Ali Saleh from The University of Wisconsin. The â€Å"ProQuest Dissertations and Theses† (PQDT) Database is under the ProQuest group of databases which hosts a wide array of European and American dissertations. The collection includes theses that date back to 1962, and dissertations that date back to 1861 to the current time. The database provides access to both old and most recent resources and is particularly resourceful for researchers because it offers access to information from various disciplines. The main objective of this database is to offer access to theses and dissertations from various disciplines to researchers and students in various fields. The source sampled from this database highlights issues that relate to the nurse-to-patient ratio. The major objective of the work was to cover a study that examined the influence of nurse staffing on job

Cultural Oppression Essay Example for Free

Cultural Oppression Essay Both African Americans and Asian Americans have suffered racial discrimination, slavery, persecution, difficulty in receiving citizenship even though their children were born in the United States and challenges in demonstrating their cultural identity. They experienced difficulty in classifying themselves as purely American because of their outward appearance. Moreover, they always tend to feel insulted that white Americans will always judge them by stereotypes, not by what they really are. African Americans have suffered dual consciousness in the United States, always struggling to receive social and economic equality, both as a Negro and an American. Although political equality has been granted to African Americans, they still suffered inequality in terms of achieving social and economic wealth. The effects of cultural oppression on African Americans have put them at high probability of suffering continued hindrances to achieve societal empowerment and affirmation. However, the richness of African cultures that place importance on collective lifestyle has helped African Americans to be accepted in the United States. Asian Americans were pressured to learn how they could assimilate themselves into different cultural society in the country. The cultural oppression suffered by Asian Americans has helped them to establish their own community in order for them to become self-sufficient. The impact of the Eastern philosophies, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, on Asian culture has helped families to become paternally oriented and hierarchical. The notable reason why some Asians have the tendency to avoid debate and discussion or to appear indecisive is because of these philosophies that teach them principles of harmony, balance and peace. This Asian culture has provided them to act in a positive way and to learn the importance of having self-knowledge about how others behave towards them. Reference Information on Specific Cultural Groups. Retrieved April 17, 2009, from http://education. byu. edu/diversity/culture. html.

Importance of Quality Assurance in Forensic Science

Importance of Quality Assurance in Forensic Science Introduction How important is ‘Quality’ in Forensic Science? Some may say ‘Quality’ is very important and others may disagree. The purpose of this essay is to outline the importance ‘Quality’ has in Forensic Science and whether ‘Quality’ is practiced in all Forensic settings. What is Quality assurance? Quality assurance is the basic maintenance of a specific level of Quality within a working practice, designed to ensure attention to detail is achieved and products are free of faults (5). In this case Quality assurance has become an essential element of modern forensic science (8), it is guarantying that a consistent set of standard and integrity and the level of maintenance is achieved and sustained throughout Forensic science establishments. This means ensuring that reliable and accurate testing are undertaken at all times (6). Quality assurance involves Quality control checks to be done to confirm that test results obtained are accurate and re liable (6) which guarantees that the standard of Quality is being maintained. Forensic Science has an important part to play in criminal investigations when a case is taken to court. Forensic science involves the search for and examination of evidence which can be useful in securing convictions (1). It is a very important aspect as it relies on science testimonies rather than witness statements. In order for Forensic Science to be fully relied on within a case, the Quality of the Laboratory where the evidence is examined should be an appropriate operating working standard (Quality assurance). Main Why is Quality deemed to be important? Well if Quality assurance and control are not programmed within an establishment such as a Laboratory, many companies will end up customising their own policies. This will only result in random testing being done and different interpretations being met that will not coincide with each other. But why is this important in Forensic Science? It is important in the Forensic science setting because if every laboratory adopted their own policies, for example how evidence is tested and what conditions they are tested in, when evidence is presented in court there could be questions on ‘how do we know what conditions evidence is tested in (could there b contamination) and if protocol and procedures used by this company is right’. In order for standard of procedure to be maintained, I believe it is important that all Laboratories that handle evidence are accredited and use the same procedures and policies throughout to ensure all results are c o-insistent with each other. Andrew Rennison the Forensic Science Regulator from 2008-2014, main job was to ensure that all Forensic Science services had the appropriate regime of scientific quality standards (2). Over the years he improved or made new standards of quality to ensure Forensic science services such as Laboratories underwent accreditation. He wanted to ensure that all crime scene evidence were being tested in the best (accredited) Laboratories there were. However under the time Andrew Rennison was the Forensic Science Regulator there were many Laboratories that were handling criminal evidence without being officially accredited. Could these results of evidence pieces be fully relied on? Why weren’t these Laboratories accredited? Accreditation is the means of assessing the reliability and integrity of an organisation such as a Laboratory ensuring it meets the specific requirements in order to reduce risks under the international accreditation standards (3). The organisations which appoint accreditation are called ‘accreditation bodies’ (4). There are many steps that are taken for a company to gain accreditation. One of the first steps requires registry, this involves money. Could this be the reason why many Laboratories are not accredited? Well in 2013 many companies lost accreditation, not because they were dirty and seen as unreliable with evidence testing but due to a failure of not paying the fees. Accreditation seems to be a voluntary process, but how does one know if the level of Quality is being maintained in a company were accreditation has not be achieved? Surely it should be compulsory, especially for Laboratories that are handling evidence that may be presented to court. Are accredited Laboratories better to use than the non accredited ones? Well that is a personal opinion. Put yourself in this situation, evidence presented against you. Would you want it to be tested in a Laboratory, where the standard of quality is high as they have passed inspections and gained an accreditation certificate or in a Laboratory where the quality of the Laboratory is unknown and they have not gained accreditation, due to not paying fees or some other reason? In London right now there are many Laboratories that are in the process of gaining accreditation, but are still undergoing evidence testing. Although accreditation has a big part to play with the maintenance of quality, there are other factors that affect quality standards. For example the closure of the Forensic Science Service (FSS) had an effect on quality in the Forensic science industry. This was because many small companies had the pressure placed on them and were given a heavier workload which lead to many mistakes occurring, questioning their standard of quality (7). What happens if Quality is not maintained? Well there are many cases where poor quality standards in a Laboratory have caused cases to be reviewed or collapse, this is due to the Forensic evidence being examined and tested inappropriately or with possible contamination. There are also cases where good standard of quality has lead to evidence being tested correctly and lead to convictions. For example the convictions made in the Stephen Lawrence case was due to the extensive work and excellent standard of quality both in the Laboratory and the scientists work. Analysis was done on a jacket and sweatshirt worn by the suspects in the case, twice in 1993 and 1995. Both times scientists found no conclusive evidence. Could this have been due to the way in which quality was controlled in Forensics? Well in 2006 all evidence items in the case was submitted to LGC Forensics (9), at this time the Laboratories used were all accredited and so were deemed to comply with the standard of quality (1 0). Not only did the Laboratory and the scientists find DNA particles, they also found hair and 7 fibres from the sweatshirt, where 6 matched the victim’s trouser and a lone fibre which matched the victim’s polo shirt (11). Another 16 fibres were found on the jacket of the second suspect which was also a definite match to the victim (9). Surely the two failed attempts of not finding any evidence could have seen the suspects get away with murder if the LGC Forensics an accredited Laboratory had not got involved. However although LGC Forensics were credited for the great work they undertook in the Stephen Lawrence case, this company was put under scrutiny in 2011 when a suspect was wrongly convicted of rape. The evidence submitted to the Laboratory was later shown to have an error of contamination during the time the evidence was tested (12). This shows that although a Laboratory is accredited and is believed to have a high standard of quality, there can be many situations where the standard of quality can be flawed. Conclusion In this essay the importance of quality in Forensic science has been explored. How accredited Laboratories have had good standard of quality and also how accredited Laboratories have failed in maintaining their quality has been discussed. When quality within a Forensic setting falls below a certain standard mistakes such as contamination in the rape case seen above can occur. If quality is to be maintained throughout, more routinely checks should be done by both the Accreditation bodies and owners of companies. This will ensure the level of maintenance needed is maintained always, all standard procedures are being followed for testing done by new and existing scientists and equipment is thoroughly checked and cleaned to prevent contamination. The standard of quality may have dropped when the FSS was closed, as they received heavier workloads which lead to them making many mistakes but also because many experienced and knowledgeable scientists in specific areas were left without a job . Although the standard of quality may have dropped, I believe the standard of quality has risen in the Forensic world as cases such as Stephen Lawrence, would not have had the breakthrough it did if the standard of quality in the Laboratory was low and if the quality undertaken by the scientist‘s did not reach the levels needed in today’s Forensic science services. Hopefully in the future there will be a rise in the number of accredited Forensic Laboratories so maintenance of quality can be somewhat controlled as I believe quality has a significance importance within Forensic science.

death of a salesman :: essays research papers

I am reading The Book , â€Å"Death of a salesman â€Å", by Arthur Miller. The major theme that runs throughout the book is the importance of being happy with who you are. This idea is seen through how others and Willy view himself. The other way we can see the theme of social acceptance is how Willy pushes it on his son Biff. Lastly the theme is exemplified by how Willy only pays attention to Biff because people like him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy thinks that if a person is well-liked, then the entire world opens up to them. Willy seems to think that people don’t like him, but as soon as he says something to Linda his wife she reassures him that he is well-liked. One time when he goes to borrow money from Uncle Charley he tells him that if a man is impressive and respected that nothing else matters. Uncle Charley says that it is what you have that is what counts not who likes you or not. Willy is always saying that he is vital to New England and that he makes so much money when he goes there. This is all totally not true. You can tell because he won’t take a job there or even bring his sons which he has been promising for years. Willy is lying to himself and is seeking for reassurance in the wrong places.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Willy has been pressing Biff to Believe that you have to be well liked above all ever since Biff has been a little kid. In the story Willy depends on Biff because he has so much personal attractiveness. Willy has instilled this concept from an early age and we can see this because of a few things. First, when Biff stole a football from school to practice with and told his father, he did nothing because he thought that it showed initiative and the coach would like him for it. Another way we can see that Biff struggles with acceptance is one time when he went to an interview with Oliver. He is standing in the office and he steals Oliver’s pen and just runs out and goes home. He stole the pen because he didn’t want to wait to see Oliver. He was embarrassed for waiting so long and stole the pen and got out of there. I think it is sad that Willy has done this to his son.

Pride and Prejudice Essay: First Impressions -- Pride Prejudice Essays

First Impressions in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   First impressions are very important in Jane Austin's Pride and Prejudice. As the story develops, we discover how the prejudices and first impressions of each of the main characters change. The primary focus is on the character of Elizabeth Bennet.    Elizabeth's judgments about other characters' dispositions are accurate about half of the time.   While she is correct about Mr. Collins and how absurdly self-serving he is and about Lady Catherine de Bourgh and how proud and snobbish she is, her first impressions of Wickham and Darcy steer her incorrectly.   Wickham is first thought to be a gentleman by all.   His good looks and his easy manner fool almost everyone, and Elizabeth believes without question all that he tells her of Darcy. Elizabeth's first impressions of him are contradicted when she realizes that he has lied about Darcy.    Elizabeth and many of the other characters se... ... her married daughters with pride, and Elizabeth is said to be proud of Darcy because of what he had done for Lydia.   First impressions can be discussed of many of the other characters than those discussed here, and prejudice is illustrated not only in Elizabeth's behavior, but in Darcy's and Lady Catherine's reactions to the status of Elizabeth's family as well    Work Cited: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. 1813. Ed. Donald Gray. New York: Norton and Co., 1993.

Results and Conclusion of the Research Process Essay

Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process in Health Care In what way are the data collection procedures appropriate for this study? The data collection method that was used for this study was surveys and interview that was conducted with a pregnant or a parenting teen who was either pregnant or who gave birth to babies within two years prior to the dates of interviews. The individual interview method with the students was the primary method for collecting qualitative data. The data collection procedures were appropriate because the data information [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] from direct interaction with individuals that was one to one basis or face to face. Although the interview methods were time-consuming, the information was more affluent and provided deeper insight. Data preparation involves checking or logging the data in; checking the data for accuracy; entering the data into the computer; transforming the data, and developing and documenting a database structure that integrates the various measures In what way were appropriate steps taken to protect the rights of subjects? Potential research questions can give informed consent only if they have all the information about the study they need to decide whether to participate. Informed consent respects each’s right to make choices. Only after consent was obtained [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the  Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] , an interview was conducted. The survey was conducted [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] with the full cooperation of the Laurence Paquin School authority and the Baltimore Public School System. All subjects participated and completed the interviews on a voluntary basis. An incentive of $15 was provided [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voic e from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] to each subject for participation in the survey In what way is the data collection tool used to support the reliability and validity of the study? The data for the present study came from a survey of a sample of African American girls pregnant and/or parenting teens during the period 2000 and 2001 from the alternative school, and a sample of comparable pregnant/or parenting teens who became pregnant while attending regular public schools within Baltimore Public School System, but did not attend any alternative comprehensive school for pregnant teens [A sentence as long as this (more than 50 words) can be confusing because the main idea is covered with additional information or because of changes and turns of logic or ideas. Cut the sentence into smaller sentences, each dealing with one idea.] . Surveys are widely used in education research, particularly in descriptive research studies. Once all of the participants had completed the study measures, and all of the data has been collected, the researcher prepared the data to be analyzed. Organizing the data correctly would save a lot of time and prevent mistakes. Most researchers choose to use a database or statistical analysis program that they can format to fit their needs in order to organize their data effectively (â€Å"A Study of An Alternative School  for Pregnant and/or Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence,† 2006. In what ways are the data analysis procedures appropriate for the data collected? The data analysis methods that was used in this study was appropriate because the researchers were collecting data from a sample of enrollees of such a school-based comprehensive program and comparing them with data collected from a sample of non-enrollees, the study systematically evaluates the program. Performing any accurate or similar operations needed to get quantitative information ready for analysis. This study used information that was gathered [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] from their interviews and entered numerical observation into a chart, table, and spreadsheet that could be used for analysis. In what ways are the data analysis procedures appropriate for answering the research question or questions, for testing the study hypothesis or hypotheses, or both? In order for the researchers to performed multivariate analysis they use comparison charts based on information gathered from the surveys and interviews in order to find the hypothesis of the Paquin School enrollment versus the public school systems. The results of the analysis of school grade point average, intention to complete 12th grade, aspiration for college education, practice of breastfeeding at any time, future intention to breastfeed, current use of any contraceptive methods, and present use of Depo- Provera. There were focus groups that provided data charts that also exhibits the results of the analyses of lengths of gestation and birth weights of babies born to the teens by least square regression models in each of the dependent variables—school grade point average, aspiration to complete 12th grade, aspiration for college education, and current contraceptive use, Identify the strengths of the scientific merit of this study. What are weaknesses? Unlike numbers or â€Å"firm data,† qualitative information has a tendency to be â€Å"lenient,† which means it cannot always be condensed [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more  vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] to something certain. That is in some ways a weakness, but it is also a strength. The numbers from observation may tell you how well the pregnant teen or teen parents did in either school but the look on their face on graduation day or the satisfaction on the healthy baby’s faces may tell you even more about the effect of the results on them. That look cannot be translated [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] into a number. That interpretation may be far more valuable in helping that student succeed than knowing her statistical stance in a study. What are the key distinctions between qualitative and quantitative data? The study design that is used [Passive voice is the â€Å"to be† verb (be, is, was, were, or been) plus a participle. Use active instead of passive voice to make writing more vibrant and concise. Active voice = Bill completed the paper on time. Passive voice = The paper was completed on time by Bill. (Refer to Active and Passive Voice from the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for more information.)] in this study is a systematic review and a meta-analysis view. The difference between a systematic review and a meta-analysis is that a systematic review looks at the whole picture (qualitative view) while a meta-analysis looks at the particular statistical picture (quantitative view). This is a study of an alternative school for pregnant and parenting teens demonstrating quantitative and qualitative evidence. Conclusion In conclusion [Add comma here for clarity or to offset an afterthought from the rest of the sentence] the finding from this study is that the components of a school-based comprehensive program may provide multiple  opportunities to solve the multiple problems faced by the pregnant and parenting teens, thereby minimizing missed opportunities to serve them effectively. This is also consistent with the notion that school continuation and other facets of well-being of the teens and their children are highly related, and that better utilization of an integrated range of health, educational, and social services will follow improved academic achievement, enlarged employment opportunities, and a brighter sense of the future. The finding of the study does support the hypotheses. Availability of these services decreases not only the adverse consequences of teenage pregnancy and parenthood among the teenagers, but also adverse financial, and human resources cost to the society. The focus group sessions with the teenagers demonstrate the enormous odds that pregnant adolescents face when they become pregnant. Many of the problems seem to be beyond the capacity of the teenagers’ low-income families to handle on their own, let alone the capacity of the teenagers themselves. Therefore, policy planners and program administrators should develop strategies to foster inter-agency or interdepartmental collaborations and funding’s to encourage and assist school districts in planning and initiating, or strengthening, comprehensive school-based alternative programs to deal with the multiple problems faced by pregnant teens from disadvantaged backgrounds. [Please check the Reference and Citation Examples document in the Tutorials & Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence for examples of correct formatting. Then carefully check your citations and references to be sure that they are formatted correctly.The hanging indent is backwards] References A Study of an Alternative School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. (2006, April). Springer Science & Business Media, 23(2), 172-195. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/218371449 A Study of an Alternative School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. (2006, April). Springer Science & Business Media, 23(2), 172-195. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/218371449

Science Lab

Purpose: To find out the densities and to find out the name of the unknown metals. (Based on the extensive and intensive properties) Check up the words mass, volume, density, extensive properties, and intensive properties. Where do the units for mass and volume) come from and what do they mean? What is the density of distilled water? What is Archimedes principle? Does temperature affect the density of a solid? Liquid? Gas? Materials: Safety glasses, 10, 25 or 50 mL graduated cylindersDistilled water Metal Samples W, X,Y & Z Procedure: 1. Class split into 5 groups. Every group will get data for four metals and tell it to the class 2. Choose a metal sample for every group then pass it around between groups. 3. Set a number of your metal sample and record the mass in the table. 4. Get a gradated cylinder with distilled water, but not to much to make it over flow when sample is put in. Record the amount of water in the cylinder accurately 5.Then tip the cylinder to about 45 degrees t hen put sample into it slowly, DON’T spill any water or have to restart. Make sure no air bubbles are clinging. Then take down final volume of water cylinder. 6. Dump the water out, then dry sample off. 7. Repeat this over with the other metal samples. * Hypothesis: * My hypothesis is that even though I will find the densities and names of the unknown metals its not going to be accurate because some water will spill out.Many people are going to come up with the different names because they aren’t care full enough. Mass of metal | | | | | | Initial volume of water | | | | | | Final volume | | | | | | Volume of metal | | | | | | ExperimentalDensity of metal | | | | | | Group Data| | | | | | | Metal W| Metal X| Metal Y| Metal Z| | Class Data: Mass and Volumes of each groups’ metal samples| Lab Group| Metal W| Metal X| Metal Y| Metal Z| 1| | | | | | | | | 2| | | | | | | | | 3| | | | | | | | | 4| | | | | | | | | 5| | | | | | | | | Total *| | | | | | | | | Class Exp.D ensity *| | | | | * 1. Show an example of how your group calculated the experimental densities of your group samples and the class samples. 1. Graph the class data using mass as the x axis and volume as the y axis, (title the graph and make a legend or key for the various metal samples). 1. Compare your group’s experimental density to that of the class’s experimental density from the graph and make comment as to their relative accuracies. 1.Research the possible identities of the metals based on their extensive properties (density, radioactivity, heat capacity, conductivity, lethal exposure/dosage, etc. ) and intensive properties (color, texture, luster, magnetism, reactivity, etc. ). 1. Make a claim as to the identity of the various metals based on their extensive and intensive properties. Calculate the % error for each of your claims for both your group’s experimental values and the class’s. Show an example of each type of calculation and make a table r epresenting the organized results. *